A Study On Popular Buddhist Beliefs In Dunhuang During The Late Tang Dynasty, The Five Dynasties And The Early Song Dynasty

Since the Han dynasty,Buddhism was introduced into China.After thedevelopment of the Wei,Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties,Sui and TangDynasties to have been very prosperous.During the late Tang Dynasty,the FiveDynasties and the early Song Dynasty,ie during period of the Guiyijun Regime(848-1036),Buddhism was very popular in Dunhuang and touched the increasingsecularization.At that time,Buddhism was increasingly civilianized,and the civilianbeliefs served as the main aspects of Buddhism,permeating every facet of Dunhuangcommunities,such as economy,military,literature,art,ideology,ethical relationsmorals,marriage,funeral,and so on.The followers of the civilian beliefs were fromeach stratum of Dunhuang communities,and came into being a huge group.Buddhistfolk beliefs formed a series of personification,idols of the gods of the faith,such asthe impact on future generations a great belief in Amita-Buddha,Avalokitesvara,butalso continued to strengthen in the development of those who have practical value andsignificance of the worship of the gods,such as weather conditions play an importantrole in the Sagara (Dragon Kings),and the fate of people after the death of ten closelyrelated,such as Hades.These civil Buddhist belief,deeply rooted in Chinese culturalhome,affected or dominated all aspects of the wider public daily life and occupied aprominent position.Based on the Dunhuang manuscripts,archeological data,historical records andinscriptions seen on the Dunhuang wall-paintings,referring to the previous studies,this paper is destined to do a systematical discussion on the origin of every faith,prosperity and several folk beliefs which were popular in Dunhuang.To analyze theDunhuang Buddhist belief characteristics of civil society.The full text is divided intoten parts:1.Introduction;2.Amita-Buddha faith;3.Bhaisajyaguru faith;4.Avalokitesvara beliefs;5.Bodhisattva Ma(?)jusri and Wutaishan beliefs;6.ten kingsbeliefs;7.Vaisravana beliefs;8.Pindolabharadvaja belief;9.the Dragon King of faith;10.Dunhuang Buddhist belief in the region characterized by civil society and its socialfunction. This article holds that the spread of Buddhism in a substantial,multi-levelinfiltration of the Chinese people affected all aspects of social life.believersexpanding to all levels of society and the moral principles exploring the faith-orientedpractice,which continued to adapt to Chinese traditional culture and society is in factthe localization of Buddhism in China,socialization,and of course people.BeingBuddhism in China was in the localization,socialization,and civil society of thelarger environment,the Dunhuang district has its own characteristics,the specificproblems:First,believers throughout all strata of society,are universal.From the GuiYi Jun Jiedushi,senior officials,Buddhist monks Commission,down to lower levelsof officials,scholars learn Lang,soldiers pawns,such as common men and women.Second,integration of various faiths were satisfied,very compatible.This period,inclusive of Dunhuang Buddhist,Buddhism,Taoism,Confucianism coexist withHabitat,to accommodate each other,other religions such as the Nestorian,Manichaean,Zoroastrian,etc.are to the free development of Dunhuang,complementeach other;in the compatible with the coexistence of other religions.Buddhism hasalways maintained a special status,and its surface is more compatibility amongvarious sects of Buddhism,the absorption and integration of faith.Dunhuang'sBuddhist belief did not sectarian civil division,as long as their families can benefitpeople on faith.They believe in Buddhism,Buddha,Ocean,kings,gods such as theDragon King,regardless of their rank,sectarian case.Useful as long as their own,they would depend on the place of worship together.Third,religious activities wereof great relevance.Believers do not pay attention to moral principles of Buddhism,but by like-centered worship,focusing on open cave built tower,dedicated by thevolumes,written by reciting scriptures,going to donate the statue,worship practice offasting;Fourth,the practice of various types of beliefs has its own purpose,inevitablyhas a strong utilitarian,which is the unity of its practicality.