Early Qing Dongdu The Ming Loyalist Study

The thesis research on loyalists of Ming Dynasty, in the period between Ming and Qing Dynasty, in the area of Japan, from the perspective of Ming, Qing history, analysis the culture exchange between China and Japan, in the historical background of Sino-Japan relations evolution and Manchu-Han culture integration of early Qing Dynasty, and study in the culture of Chinese loyalist's history. From the interpretation of literature and historical data, continued to explore the deeds and achievements of east going loyalists of Ming Dynasty, reappear their spirit, at the meanwhile demonstrate the fate of loyalists'group ups and downs, summarize the individual's affects in the Chinese culture exchange, demonstrate the historical value and the time significance.The article consists of three parts:introduction, main body, and appendix.The introduction explains the motivation of the research and the value of the topics, fatherly reveal the previous academic history, introduce the related research and existing status, analysis and review the pilot study results, investigate the scalable issue, and provide the dissertation basis.The main body consists of seven chapters.The first chapter contains three section, introduce the origin of loyalists appearance, reveal the appearance of Chinese loyalists and the development of conception, analysis historic environment of the loyalists and the different features of the culture background, by means of investigating ideological root of loyalists'emerge and discriminating the principles of loyalists and hermits, in order to combing the development of Chinese loyalists conscious, and historical context of the groups' emerge.The second chapter contains two sections, analysis the background of loyalists of Ming Dynasty. At the beginning of tributary relationship between Ming Dynasty and Japan, reveal the relationships'development and change, and in terms of'Hua'and'Yi'(Sino-Barbarian) Order under the tributary trade, pay close attention on cognition of Jurchen (Manchu) ethnic and Japan, analyze their relationship's inspect of the nation and the reason of Ming Dynasty east going.The third chapter contains of two sections, discussing the composition of the Ming loyalists and the conditions for their sailing to Japan. It begins with explaining about the basic composition of the group known as the Ming loyalists and comes to the focus for discussion. Then the chapter discusses the practical conditions for the Ming loyalists'sailing and residence from the aspects of sailing conditions, the restoration of voyage route during the Late Ming Dynasty and the situation of the Chinese community in Japan.The fourth chapter consists of three sections, dividing generally the period of Ming loyalists'sailing east to Japan. It analyses the characteristics of each period of sailing east going to Japan, the important activities they participated and consequences, in order to provide a panorama of the historical events, from perspectives of the changing situation of Anti-Manchu Movement in China and of the relationship between The Southern Ming, Taiwan and Japan.The fifth chapter consists of three sections, investigating typical cases of Ming loyalists sailing to Japan. It analyses the cases of three figures, the Confucian Zhu Shunshui, the Taoist Chen Yuanyun and the Buddhist Yinyuan, all of whom played an important role in the history of the Chinese thought. It depicts the heyday of the group of the Ming loyalists in Japan through the account of the achievements of those figures.The sixth chapter consists of fourth sections and summaries the contributions of the Ming loyalists in Japan to history:the positive influences of Zhu Shunshui through his teaching career as well as his historical and ideological studies; the great achievements of Yinyuan in Japan through the foundation of a new Buddhist denomination and of the Master Xinyue in the history of the Japanese Zen Buddhism through his promotion of Caodong denomination; the contributions of the Ming loyalists in terms of painting; the contributions in the field of smallpox medicine as well as in Chinese Wushu (e.g. the invention of the Japanese Judo) The whole seventh chapter is divided into two sections, briefly explained the author's understanding of the contribution and significance of those adherents of Ming dynasty immigrated to Japan. By comparing the similarities and differences about the argument of'difference between Chinese and barbarians'between China and Japan, the author intends to probe deeply into the essence of this position and, meanwhile, reveal the fact that Japan was the tension under the frame of East Asia in recent centuries. In addition to above, the author furthermore provides not only analysis of the historical contribution, significance and enlightenment of the group of people at that period of time, but also evaluates the positive impact and limitations, reflected author has overall grasped of the argumentation. Appendices enclosed are key graph and related content, for instance, table of descent of Qing emperors, brief table of South Ming regime, genealogy table of Tokugawa Shogun, statistics of Chinese merchant shipping to Japan during transition of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the Japanese barbarian in The imperial Qing duty tribute picture, and general list of activities organized by those adherents of Ming dynasty.