Open The Curtain Of History Stage

Civil society theory was a key word in Marxist philosophy; it has great significance in the creation of historical materialism theory system. What the logical starting point of this study is to search the ideological origins of the Marx's civil society theory, based on this work, the study efforts to explore the historic experience, overall image and historical implications of the Marx's civil society theory, aims to solve this theoretical problem: why civil society become the real "cradle "and" stage "of the whole history? Philosophical thinking should reflect on real life, this study also tracked Marx's civil society theory was expansion and deepening in the contemporary thinkers, finally, the study think about the critique and construct power of Marx's civil society Theory in China's modernization.No one can deny that the creation of civil society theory, derived from profound ideological heritage of Europe. During the life of ancient Greece and Rome City-states, civil society showed us some original forms and the theoretical prototype. Aristotle's understanding of city-state Community and its internal members' on the pursuit of the perfection of life, and that free middle class constitute the main body of city-states, had laid the basis of the classical theory of civil society. Cicero for the first time explicitly used the concept of "civil society", which means to holdup the civilized living conditions in city-state society and highlight the city-state as a function of the civilized political community. The late middle Ages, thanks to economic recovery and the rapid development of commodity economy, progressive social forces to civil society taken by the gradual rise of the commercial city, social theory of the public also will extricate itself from the shackles of scholastic philosophy and theology. In view of enlightenment thinkers and natural law theorists, the social contract became the premise of deduction of civil society theory, civil society is generally understood as political society after human enter out of the state of nature. However, influenced by Descartes' awareness of the inherent philosophical principles, they regarded intrinsic, independent thinking as a basis for the beginning of all analysis, leading to that their civil society theory also exuded a rich intellectual metaphysics breath. Hegel makes a clear distinction between civil society and state. Civil society represents a Commonwealth of social relations. The Commonwealth is not only different from the family relationship maintained by love, but also different from country maintained by rational spirit. Yet, it represents the social relation situation maintained by need and legal.Hegel's view of the state was filled with blatant mysticism, which was criticized by Marx. Through exploration and discussion of individual freedom so that to foster the spiritual pursuit in "PhD thesis", and then questioned by the political practice of the "Rheinische Zeitung" period and the root causes of religious alienation, Marx recognized that rational fantasy and fallacy of Hegel's Philosophy of countries, pointing out that the country's realistic foundation exist in civil society, and it was on the foundation of civil society that can kindle the light of the country.By criticism of civil society, Marx pointed out the alienation of the state and civil society relations, as well as civil society itself. Furthermore, he gave the root cause of this alienation insight into the alienation of private ownership. In order to overcome the alienation inheriting in the civil society, Marx established "real people" as the principle of philosophical critique in the reality of social relation. However, in different context and occasion of Marx, The civil society has a different meaning. Based on the internal logic of ideological development, Marx roughly commenced from three levels before and after each other.They are "bourgeois society","the contacts form" and "the sum of the substance in the life relation".(1) In the sense of "bourgeois society", omitting the etymology and translation aside, the typical manifestation of the bourgeois society at that time was the civil society. In response to the reality of alienation under the domination of the bourgeoisie money, Marx used "civil society" to refer to "bourgeois society", intending to eliminate the alienation of labor and money dominating and point to the historical task of the communist revolution ultimately.(2) In the sense of the contacts form", civil society included material exchange on individual on a certain stage of development of productive forces. Further, Marx defined all historical root causes of conflict in the contradiction between the form of productivity and exchanges, thus forming the basic principles of historical materialism.(3) In the sense of "the sum of the substance in the life relation", it was an important theoretical result obtained by in-depth study of political economy by Marx. Material and production practice of the civil society was regarded as the foundation of all history by Marx.In-depth anatomy of civil society in the political economy, Marx reveals the hidden contradictions and the fact of alienation in civil society.Alienated labor based on private ownership, causing the person to deny the free and conscious properties, resulting in the alienation of human existence and the nature, and class relations and the nature of private property in capitalist society, are revealed in Marx's analysis of civil society. The antagonistic relationship of capital and labor in the private property determined that the working class must overcome alienation and gave their emotional life to reversion. Promotion and discarding, as private property of realistic basis in civil society, whose measure was to rely on revolution to the complete elimination of alienation to communism. On materialized basis of the analyzing social relations, Marx studied and described three forms of human and put forward historical task of Human liberation.Marx criticized that human alienation in capitalist conditions was social relation materialized, which opened for us the theory space of human freedom. On the existence foundation of civil society——Person's "emotional event", people expand the history by material exchange of the entire industrial and commercial life. While, the specification of the contractual relationship is the doctrine that people in the civil society comply with. Only depart from the reality of social condition and the secular basis, can people lead to freedom in the historical context. In civil society, people are the main course of history and history was the practice process. By people, an intermediary of this historical subjectivity, civil society eventually becomes the domain of "historical science" theory question.Based on different situation of the times, the public social theory further expands after Marx. Gramsci located civil society in the area of the superstructure and ideology, aimed at arousing the already depressed class will of the proletariat. His civil society theory opened up the ideology of the proletariat revolution implication. Habermas analyzed the crisis of late capitalism as the starting point. He introduced the concept such as "public domain" and "Living World" into discussion of civil society, intending to oppose the system of colonization of the life of the world and reconstruct historical materialism by communicative rationality. Efforts of other contemporary thinkers, such as Cohen and Arato's life world reconstructing, Taylor's society pursuit of freedom and autonomy, as well as the Mochizuki Seiji's idea of dividing and exchanging system, made the trend of the theory of civil society slid ripples. Explanation mode in civil society theory after Marx did not lack a certain ideological insight. But there are also the limits of the theory itself. And some even have overflowed the ideological boundaries of the Marx civil society.Follow the core of Marx's civil society theory and think of Chinese contemporary socialist civil society, which is the final theory Realm of my study. China is currently in the process of modernization, producing a certain modernity "symptoms". Based on their own situation, drawing on the stone hills, modernity that we want to chase still can not be divorced from the civil society--"the stage of history". Chinese contemporary Civil Society theory study needs to be advanced in two dimensions at the same time, criticism and construction that civil society gives to society. As intellectual heritage of carrying a lot of historical task, Marx's Civil Society theory still relates to the living world that we manage, which is a theory cut that our reflect or construct a socialist civil society.If the Chinese localization of the civil society is a symphony, despite the gloomy atmosphere of history, dull reflection tunes, pessimistic potential worry, the main theme is great hope that civil society is promoting our country towards a modern society. Face up the difficulties that civil society may encountered when rooting and developing in our county, and make rational reflection. We still hold an optimistic attitude. Owing to that our society is nurtured a positive factor that is conducive to civil society development, on the material basis that market economy offer to civil society exchanges, democratic politics has been external space of the growth of civil society. Public virtues conceived in civil society lead the ultimate realm of developing the free and full development of civil society to the historical depth.