Chinese Trade-off Areas Of Research,

Based on the category theory, the dissertation has built initially the category system ofoption in Chinese. There are typical and atypical members with regard to a category, so are thesentence patterns of option in Chinese as the forms about the category of option, which can beclassified as typical and atypical ones. Based on building the category system of option inChinese, the dissertation has explored typical members about the category of option in Chinese,namely the sentence patterns marked by yuqi (与其)and the sentence patterns marked by ningke(宁可),and also has discussed the atypical members about the category of option, such as thesentence patterns marked by feidei(非得), etc. besides, also has compared and analyzed thevarious sentence patterns of option.The dissertation consists of five chapters in addition to the introduction and the closingremarks."Introduction"introduces mainly the value about the subject of the dissertation,thesituation of the research, the thinking ways of the research,and the source of the corpus. As forthe value of the subject, the research about the category of option in Chinese will contribute toenrichment the category systems of Chinese and contribute to understanding comprehensivelythe system about the sentence patterns of option and the system of compound sentence patternsand contribute to the applied areas such as Chinese information process and the teaching ofChinese as foreign language, etc. As for the situation of the research, the research about thecategory of option is mainly embodied in the research of the sentence patterns marked by yuqiand the sentence patterns marked by ningke, which can be divided into the following threestages:(1)pregnant and embryonic stage. The stage began with the Yuan dynasty, in which stagethere were the enumerating researches of the two kinds of sentence patterns by many scholarssuch as Lu Yiwei(卢以纬), Yuan Renlin(袁仁林), Liu Qi(刘淇), Wang Yinzhi(王引之), Ma Jianzhong(马建忠)and Yang Shuda(杨树达), etc.(2)rudimentary analysing stage. The stage lasted for several decadesbefore the 1950s, in which stage there were the classifying research of the two kinds of sentencepatterns in such books as The New Grammar of Chinese(新著国语文法), The Outline about Grammar ofChinese(中国文法要略), etc.(3)comprehensive researching stage. The stage began with 1950s, in which stage there were the comprehensive researches of the two kinds of sentence patternsreflected in some dictionaries, textbooks, works about Chinese grammar, works of compoundsentences of Chinese and some articles on these subjects. As for researching ways, on the basisof drawing on various theories such as the experience of cognitive linguistics, etc, the articlepays great attention to the various sentence patterns of option , and conducts the detaileddiscussion about the various sentence patterns of option through the method of combination offacts and theories, that of crosswise and lengthwise, that of quantitative and qualitative analysis.As for the source of the corpus, the article mainly owe to Center for Chinese Linguistics PKU(北京大学中国语言学研究中心), except for the self-building corpus and self-investigating corpus.Chapter one"Definition about the Category of Option"explores the cognitive basis,semantic structure, expressive forms and the delimitation of the scope about the category ofoption in Chinese. The formation about the category of option is based on the general cognitionof mankind, The semantic structure of which includes two parts ,namely ,the"constants", whichcontain two elements"option-agent"and the two elements of option (p, q), and the"variables",which only denote the ways of option. As a form of expression, the sentence patterns of optioncan be divided into two types, namely the marked ones and the non-marked ones, and themarked ones can be further divided into the typical and atypical ones. The typical markedsentence patterns of option are deputed by the sentence patterns marked by yuqi and the sentencepatterns marked by ningke; the atypical ones are deputed by the sentence patterns marked by feidei,etc. There are disputes between the category of option and its adjacent categories, such ascomparative category and the category of choice, etc. Moreover, there are vague borders amonginterior members about the category of option and their adjacent categories.Chapter two"The Sentence Patterns of Option Marked by yuqi"discusses the diachronicdevelopment, semantic expression and pragmatic environment of these sentence patterns on thebasis of recalling the existing research.(1)with the respect to diachronic development, as aconjunction, yuqi is the result of lexicalization about the cross-layer structure. yu(与) was initiallya verb, which governed the subject-predict structure (qi+VP), in which qi(其) and VP belonged to asame stratum; afterwards,yu was emptified into a preposition, nevertheless, it governed thesubject-predict structure (qi+VP),qi and VP belonged to a same stratum; afterwards still, when yuwas emptified into a conjunction, the initial structure was broken, which made yu and qi combined altogether although not belonging to the same level previously, and yuqi as conjunctionemerged eventually. With the historical development, after several adjustments, the sentencepatterns marked by yuqi was simplified gradually, at last, developed its most important form ofexpression , namely the sentence patterns marked by yuqi……buru(不如).(2)in the respect ofsemantic expression, the change of option-agent has certain influences on the expression of thesubjectivity and the three main domains of acting, knowing and uttering of these sentencepatterns marked by yuqi. Overall, when the expression of the sentence patterns marked by yuqibelong to the area of acting, its expressions is based on the perspective of"the concerned person"and smack of the characteristics of objectivity; when the expressions of the sentence patternsmarked by yuqi belong to the areas of knowing and uttering, its expressions are usually based onthe perspective of"utters"and smack of the characteristics of subjectivity or mutualsubjectivity.(3)with respect to pragmatic environment, the sentence pattern is mainly used in thepragmatic environment of expressing causal relationship.Chapter three"The Sentence Patterns of Option Marked by ningke"discusses the diachronicdevelopment, semantic expression and pragmatic environment of these sentence patterns, on thebasis of sorting out the existing research about these sentence patterns.(1)with respect todiachronic development, as a adverb,ningke is the result of lexicalization about the synonymousphrases,ning and ke(可) both belong to the words which denote the subjective wills, so the twowords possess the foundation of meaning about the two words into a word. Moreover, thesyntactic positions of two words are also very unanimous, because ning and ke usually take placein frond of verbs. When the above mentioned conditions satisfied, promoted commonly bypragmatic frequency and prosody rules, ningke was crystallized into a word. In addition, with thehistorical development, after several adjustments, the sentence patterns of option marked byningke was simplified gradually, at last, developed its most important form of expression, namelythe sentence patterns marked by ningke……yebu(也不).The sentence patterns marked by ningke pwas always used very frequently, but The sentence patterns marked by ningke……yeyao(也要) isnot the sentence patterns of option.(2)in the respect of semantic expression, the change of personsof option-agent has certain influences on the expression of the subjectivity and the three maindomains of acting, knowing and uttering of these sentence patterns. Overall, when the sentencepatterns marked by ningke belong to the area of acting, these sentence patterns are usually based on the perspective of"the concerned person"and smack of the characteristics of objectivity;when the sentence patterns marked by ningke belong to the areas of knowing and uttering, thesesentence patterns are usually based on perspective of"utters"and smack of the characteristics ofsubjectivity or mutual subjectivity.(3)in the respect of pragmatic environment, the sentencepatterns marked by ningke is used mainly in the pragmatic environment of causal relationship , inaddition, can also being used largely in the pragmatic environment of transitional relationship.Chapter four"The Sentence Patterns of Quasi-option"points out, on the basis of the existingresearch, that the adverbs, such as feidei, sihuo(死活), pianpian(偏偏), zhihao(只好) and so on , canmark the sentence patterns of option, but these sentence patterns are not very typicalcomparatively, belonging to the atypical marked sentences of option, being also called"thesentence patterns of quasi-option". In this chapter, we discuss the meaning, characteristics,semantic expression and pragmatic environment of the sentence patterns of quasi-option.Overall,(1)the meaning of the sentence patterns marked by feidei can be classified as the threekinds, that of the sentence patterns marked by sihuo and pianpian be able to be classified as twokinds, that of the sentence patterns marked by zhihao have only one kind.(2)in the characteristicsof these sentence patterns, the adverbs such as feidei, sihuo,pianpian and zhihao are all able to markthe sentence patterns of option, and these sentence patterns only possess selected elements .(3)inrespect of semantic expression, the difference of person of option-agent has certain influences onthe expressions of subjectivity and three domains of acting ,knowing, and uttering of the abovementioned sentence patterns. (4)in respect of pragmatic environment, the sentence patterns ofoption marked by such adverbs as feidei(非得1), sihuo and pianpian are used mainly in thepragmatic environment of transitional relationship, while that marked by such adverbs as feidei(非得2)and zhihao are used mainly in the pragmatic environment of causal relationship .Chapter five"The Comparison about the Sentence Patterns of Option"analyzes the varioussentence patterns of option comparatively from two dimensions: the vertical and horizontal. Seenfrom the vertical dimension, the system about the sentence patterns of option marked by yuqi andthat of ningke are simplified gradually. Seen from the horizontal dimension, in the respect ofsemantic expression, when the option-agent is the first person, there are some differences in thesubjectivity and the three main domains of acting, knowing and uttering between the varioussentence patterns of option, in counter to which, when the option-agent is the second or third person ,there is a considerable agreement in expression between the various sentence patterns ofoption. In the respect of pragmatic environment,"causal"and"transition"relationships stand forthe two poles of the pragmatic environment about the sentence patterns of option, if thereasonable degree of option about the sentence pattern is high, it tends to emerge in the contextof expressing causal relationship; on the contrary, it tends to appear in the context of expressingtransitional relationship. In the respect of sentence structure, the sentence patterns marked byningke p, feidei ,sihuo ,pianpian and zhihao belong to the sentence patterns of option which possessthe characteristics of parataxis."Closing remarks"summarize the main viewpoints of this dissertation, and point out somelimitations and issues to be further researched about this dissertation.