| The studies on the Northern Warlords Politics have acquired plentiful achievements in the historiography circle, but they still leave many to be studied. From the perspective of the provincial Army and Government System, this subject discusses the system basis of the military politics operation and further explores the reasons that led to the change of western democratic politic system when it was applied in China in the early period of the Republic of China (1912-1949). Military Governor System and Inspector System are closely related with the survival of China as well as the most important tool for the realization of warlord political domination. However, separation of the three powers in provincial level still existed in warlord period. In central level, the separation of the three powers had existed until the 1924 Peking Coup. Thus, warlord politics is a kind of abnormal politic system that intervenes on politics beyond laws. It always was unable to solve its own problems on validity and legitimacy, which were the fundamental reasons why the Northern Warlords Politics gave place to the KMT party system after more than a decade of politic domination.This paper includes three parts:introduction, main body and conclusion. On the basis of the proposal of the topic, the existing research documents and relative study theory both at home and aboard, the introduction presents briefly the research planning, scope and methods.The five chapters of main body distinctively study the basic situation of Military Governor System, Inspector System, Command-in-Chief and Protection Corp system during the warlord period of the Republic of China. Besides the study on provincial main military system, this part also probes into the general conditions and illegal operation of the provincial military system, the influence and interference system of military governor inspector toward the central politics.Firstly, focusing on the Army and Government System or the separation of army and people, this paper discusses the Army and Government System as well as its practical operation in warlords provincial areas (the three special regions in the early period of the Republic of China:Rehe, Chahar and Suiyuan). It can be concluded that the army-politics united provincial system appeared in the 1911 Revolution changed from Yuan Shikai Times to "the separation between arm and people", namely the separation between the provincial administration and military administration, the distinguished working between the civil and military officials. The three special regions applied the army-politics united system, which has kept the same since the Peking Government Period. Although the provincial executives may be served by the military governor or submit themselves to the provincial military governor, the administrative office does not subordinate to the military administration or be replaced by the military administration in dealing with the administrative office of the civil authority.Secondly, Northern warlord makes its politic regime realize on the basis of provincial military governor system and over-provincial inspector system. Provincial military Governor in the early days of the Republic of China is a General system, and inspector system is temporarily established. To expand politics intervention beyond laws based on the Provincial military Governor can help realize the operation of the two systems (Provincial military Governor and inspector system). Military Governor system and inspector system are closely related with the survival of China as well as the most important tool for the realization of warlord political domination.Thirdly, Re-cha-shui Special District dominates in the politics system of the unity of the Army and Government. From the perspective of the overall influence of the provincial Army and Government System toward the Warlords Politics, through the Comprehensive study of interventions of the provincial military Governor and inspector toward provincial administration and the government political process, I arrive at the following reviews:Firstly, warlord politics in modern China is a kind of abnormal politic system that intervenes on politics beyond laws. Warlord politics is the inevitable outcome of the intensify of the internal Social contradiction in old China (a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country) as well as the National Crisis.Secondly, Provincial military Governor and inspector have various methods for the central political intervention whenever in the early Warlord period or in the late. In the early warlords period, they mainly show "provincial military governor crop" joint-intervention politics. In the early warlords period, they mainly Intervene on politics by military factions. The between there are the open and close between provincial military governor and inspector, but they have the same view of sectarian interests. One method is to manipulate the Parliament or the legislature, including the election of the President, the Vice President and so on. The other is to manipulate the Government personnel of the Cabinet and the Cabinet policy. Eventually, the strength warlord directly organizes military Government, and completely abandons parliamentary institutions and democracy politics system.Thirdly,during the warlord, in the aspect of justice interventions, Warlord shows justice intervention in a systematic intervention model, rather than individual behavior.Fourthly, in the Warlord Period,army's key institution in the relationship of Army and Government System derived from the Military System Reform and systemization of it. And in the early Republican period, the reverse between the civil and martial results from, after the imperial examination system, that military bureaucracy takes precedence over the civil service system development. At the same time, one of the reasons that why military man system takes precedence over the democratic political systems (in the early Republican period) is the stagnation and lag of modern political party system development and the negative influence of traditional faction culture. |
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