Beijing Population And Urban Change (1853-1953)

Urban is a complicated complex with political, economic and cultural life together, which is also influnenced by these factors. From the mid of the 19th century to the mid of the 20th century, China had been in the time of great change while the most happened in the urban. Beijing, the capital of traditional empire and the center of the traditional political urban system, declined as the decant and decay of the Qing Dynasty, as well as the invasion and attack of the foreigners. Besides these, after the Revolution of 1911, the improtance of Beijing was also chanllenged by the other cities with treaty port city system, such as Shanghai, Nanjing etc. After the ups and downs during the period of Republic of China, from the capital, municipality directly under the central government, to the Provincial city, then back to be the central municipality, even to be the temperary"Capital"under the rule of Japanese ruppet regimes, Beijing had been seen as the second most important city, just secondary to the capital Nanjing of R.O.C afer August 1945. Till 1949, the time to the People's Republic of China founded, Beijing has been the captical and laid the fundation to be the central of China morden urban system. The history of one hundred years for changing the plcae of Beijing is also the history for contribution, economy as well as the improvement of this urban.In this hundred years, the floation for population is an important part of the urban history since the rules and features for floating population reflect the framework and main line of the urban development. Also to some extent, it promotes the developmetn of the urban.. This dissertation focus on the developing history of population. The time is about 100 years from the year of 1853, Taiping Rebellion, to the year of 1953, the first time to have the population census in the People's Republic of China and the investigative regional scope is Beijing city, mainly talking about the population scale, natural structure, and social economic structural rheology triggered by the change of Beijing city status, economical development, and social life changes. The general size of the population has been growing, while it also fluctuated with the chances of Beijing status, war, social unrest and other factors. From statistical data, we can the main factor for increasing population is the growth of the population cohesion migration. From the late of the Qing Dynasty to the period of R.O.C, the population showed negective natural growth and the changes of structure changed a lot.. The phenomenon of Manchu-Han Integration is gradually eliminating. The Mid-aged people has more than half in the age structure in the urban, while sex ratio of population has been in serious imbalance state. From the place of the birth, the population of non-native is much more than the native. The social and economic structure of population is diversifying with the development of the modern urban economy, the changes of traditional marriage and family structure modes, the reducing of average folks of families, the improvement for the level of education degree, the diversation of vocational structure of urban population. However, in the late of Qing dynasty to the period of R.O.C, the urban unemployed population was high and the degree of provety for the people's living becomes more serious. After the liberation, the population has rapidly increased and brought the great burden for the recovery of the social economic."Human's essence is the sum of all social relations". Population is a collection of comprehensive factors, including the economy, culture, education, living, etc, espcecially for the economy. The size of the population structure, as well as the development of the rheological and urban development also promotes population management concept, and methods, and means of the modernization. Studying the modern Beijing's population, we can study our history and solve population problem which is an important reference for the population problem.