Russian Loanwords In The Kyrgyz Language Study

Loan words are the result of linguistic and cultural contact. Loan words are lexical elements universally found in all languages. Loan words are absorbed from different languages in the process of cultural and linguistic contact.Since Kyrgyz language has come into intensive and close contact with Russian language in history, Russian has exerted deep impact on the Kyrgyz. This paper has based a systematical analysis and study of the Russian loan words in Kyrgyz language upon the theory of linguistic contact of sociolinguistics, by using method of comparing Kirghiz and Russian languages, field investigation methods and by using language corpusThe whole paper includes introduction and six chapters.In the introduction, the author has summarized the history of the contact of Kyrgyz and Russian languages,the characteristics and the results concerned. It is pointed out in the paper that the "close contact" of Kyrgyz and Russian people from 1917 to 1991 is the period in which the Kyrgyz and Russian languages came into the most frequent contact. Kirghiz and Russian language contact is characterized by mandatory, explosibility and imbalance. The impact of Russian on Kyrgyz can be observed on all the levels (lexicon, phonetics and shape). On this basis, the paper has introduced the present situation of domestic and foreign researches on the Russian loan words in Kyrgyz language, the significance of the research and the research methods of the subject. Kirghiz and Russian language contact is characterized by mandatory, explosibility and imbalance.Chapter 1 is the summary, which has mainly introduced the concept of loan words, the ways of borrowing of Russian loan words, historical hierarchy as well as internal and external factors and the history of contact of Kyrgyz people and Russian people.Chapter 2 has described the phonetic features of Kyrgyz and Russian languages in detail and has analyzed the phonetic evolution of the Russian loan words in different eras. The study has revealed that the Russian loan words were characterized by its conservatism and instability before the October Revolution and in the initial stage of the October Revolution while the Russian loan words were characterized by its openness after the October Revolution till the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Due to the impact of Russian language, the law of vowel harmony of Kyrgyz language has been interfered and tends to be gradually loosened.Chapter 3 mainly analyzes the impact of Russian words on Kyrgyz lexicon. The characteristics of the lexicon of Russian words have been analyzed in terms of different historical phases. Firstly, Russian words are characterized by its internationalism and universality, lots of Russian words have become the basic words of Kyrgyz and thus enriched the Kyrgyz lexicon a great deal. Secondly, owing to the historical reforms, especially the disintegration of the Soviet Union, after the independence of the Republic of Kyrgyz, with the national revival and national awareness of Kyrgyz people, Kyrgyz has greatly changed its language attitudes towards the Russian loan words.Chapter 4 analyzes formative features of the Russian loan words in Kirghiz language. In terms of word formation, Russian loan words are characterized by productivity and derivation. Lots of Russian loan words are transformed through affixes of Kirghiz language to suit the grammatical and morphological patterns of Kirghiz language.Chapter 5 mainly discusses the tendency of the development of Russian words. After the independence of the Republic of Kyrgyz, the Kyrgyz has become the national language of the Republic of Kyrgyz. The language as one of the national treats, is the symbol of national recognition. Under the new historical condition, lots of Russian words have give way to Kyrgyz native words. Besides, since Kyrgyzstan is a multi-national country, the practice of national language make those Russians ignorant of Kyrgyz difficult to live.In order to solve the national contradictions resulted from language, the government has declared Russian "the official language.So at present the trend is obvious that both Kyrgyz and Russian languages are developing in harmony.Chapter 6 comprehensively discusses the impact of the Russian culture on the Kyrgyz culture and spiritual culture. From 1863 to 1991 when The soviet Union disintegrated, the Russian culture exerted profound influence on the Kyrgyz culture in the past over 100 years of the close contact of both cultures. On the whole, the influence is very active and progressive on the one hand,as the popularization of the communicative language-Russian made it possible for more Kyrgyz people to come into contact with more advanced cultures and science and technology so as to enhance the social progress and the development of civilization. On the other hand, due to the ethnic policies and language polices implemented in the Czarist Russia period and the former Soviet Union period, the development of the native language and national culture of Kyrgyz has been affected. Therefore the renaissance of Kyrgyz national culture is the major task faced with by the current government.