| As the rapid development and use of electromagnetic technology, a variety ofelectromagnetic field environment exists in our life. The new-concept weapons fornational military defense and wars, for example, high power microwave (HPM)weapons, high power millimeter wave (HPMMW) weapons, high power laserweapons have been developed and used in nowadays. The United States of Americanfirst used the high power millimeter-wave based active denial system (ADS) in thewar, which raised new challenges to the weapon development in other countries.Meanwhile, the hazards evaluation and protective means of high power microwaveweapons and electromagnetic equipment in our life (such as mobile phones andmicrowave ovens) are still the unresolved scientific problems for electromagneticbiology research. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the bio-effect ofhigh-power millimeter wave (35GHz), S-band high-power microwave (2.856GHz),L-band microwave (1.75GHz) using different experimental models such as rats, mice,primary cultured neuron and C. elegans, to reveal the mechanism of microwave injuryand to establish the drug screening system for protection. This study providedimportant references for development of the ADS of Chinese army and the basishealth protection standards for high power microwave radiation, clarified themechanism of electromagnetic biological effects and established valuable models forthe anti-radiation drug screening system.1. Studies on the bio-effect and mechanism of the8mm millimeter waveObjects: To explore the biological effect, mechanisms and the active denialthreshold parameters of the high-power millimeter-wave using rats, mice, C. elegansas experiment models and to provide an important reference for the development ofhigh-power millimeter wave weapons for Chinese army.Methods:①Use the biological samples (fresh abdominal pigskin) to establish amethod for describing the energy distributing characteristics of the MMW in athree-dimensional (3D) space of the target region. The Matlab software was used toreconstruct the3D spatial energy distributing maps of MMW based on the multipletwo-dimension (2D) planar surface temperature distribution of different antennas.This method provided important references for the determination of experimentalparameters in subsequent experiments.②Study the escape effect of rats caused bymillimeter wave and the sensitive parameters using home-developed escapeevaluation device.③Illustrate the damage characteristics and dose-effect relationship of skin insults from high-power millimeter-wave using the established reliablesemiquantitative pathology evaluation system.④Clarify the mechanism of theMMW biological effects in C. elegans.Results:①MMW irradiation with pyramidal horn antennas (PHA) was typicallynon-uniform field and difficult for computer simulation. Millimeter wave's energydistribution was inhomogeneous but has very close relation with the parameters ofPHA. Our results showed that range of energy distribution and maximumtemperatures were gradually decreased and descending along with the irradiationdistance increasing. The energy transmitting for high-gain PHA is far than thelow-gain PHA. The focus antenna was able to focus energy within2.5cm in plan and6cm vertical near the focus without changing.②The escape effect of rats caused bymillimeter wave were precisely measured using a home-made escape evaluationdevice. There is a typical negative exponential curve relation between the escapelatency with the output power of MMW, i.e. the greater of the output power, theshorter of the escape latency. The rats escaped abruptly when the surface temperaturereached the heat pain threshold (43-45℃). The initialized escape occurred within3.25s in the case of the35GHz millimeter output by the focus antenna.③Mice irradiatedby the HD-320HA24.12pyramid horn survived longer than other mice, accompanywith chronic skin injury, which displayed as area density of dermal collagen andsomatic muscles decreased, adipose layer thinner or disappeared. Mice irradiated bythe HD-320HA23.16pyramid horn survived shortest of all, accompany with acuteskin injury, which displayed as area density of dermal collagen increased, while thesomatic muscles decreased. Mice under the pyramid horns of HD-320HA9.49andHD-320HA9.92had skin injury similar to mice under HD-320HA23.16.④The freelymoving C. elegans would escape from the MMW (0.75W) irradiation region quicklyas result of noxious heat stimulation. The continuous MMW irradiation of1.52W for2-5min caused C. elegans damage effect displayed as the growth rate slowed down,brood size reduced, defect of germ cell differentiation and maturation, immaturedtumor-like oocytes accumulation and increase of apoptotic cells in gonads,upregulated expression of heat shock protein HSP16.2. The above insults ofmillimeter-wave irradiated elegans were very similar with that of the42°Cheat-treated group.Conclusion:①The output energy distribution of MMW are closely depended onthe parameters of the antenna. The focus antenna is suitable for active denial effects and biological effects studies of MMW with the shortage of limited exposure area.②The focus antenna could cause the escape response of rats within a short period oftime, the greater the output power, the shorter the escape latency.③High powermillimeter wave could destroy deep layers of the skin. The injury in muscle layer wasat similar degree, while the insult in corium was related with intensity of MMW. Thearea density of the dermal collagen and somatic muscles could be considered asparameters for evaluating the insults of mouse skin irradiated by MMW.④C. elegansis very sensitive to MMW irradiation. The behavior and the biological mechanism ofMMW insult of C. elegans is mainly caused by noxious heat stimulation. C. elegansis an ideal model organism for effects evaluation and the mechanism research ofelectromagnetic.2. Research on the effect of S-band high power microwave irradiation on cellularactive of cultured primary neuronsObjective To evaluate the biological effects of high power microwave (HPM)irradiation on cellular activities of cultured primary neurons. Methods The cerebralcortical neurons of newborn Wistar rat were cultured for7days until maturation. Afterthen, the cultured primary neurons were exposed to high microwave irradiation withan average power density of5mW/cm2. The enzymatic activity of total ATPase, Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase and Na+, K+-ATPase were measured at1h,6h,1d,3d and7d aftermicrowave exposure. The enzymatic activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) ofthe cultured primary neurons were also detected at the same time by the MTT methodto reveal the activity of the neurons. Results The enzymatic activities of ATPase andSDH of neurons treated with microwave exposure with the average power density of5mW/cm2were not significantly changed. Conclusion The HPM exposure to neuronswith an average power density of5mW/cm2is biologically safety to cultured primaryneurons.3. Studies on the bio-effect, mechanism and protective drug of L-bandmicrowave in C. elegansObjective: To systematically evaluate the biological effect and mechanism ofL-band microwave by the model organism C. elegans. To establish a convenient andeffective electromagnetic protection drug screening system based on the C. elegansadvantages in drug screening. Methods: The electromagnetic sensitive biologicalindicators of C. elegans were investigated by evaluating the drtails of growth anddevelopment situations with the established C. elegans irradiation system. The high-throughput sequencing technology was emploied to clarify electromagneticsensitive targets and signaling pathways in C. elegans and to screen for differentialtranscription genes between irradiation and control group. The screening system forradiation protected drugs based on C. elegans was established and used to screensome usable drug from several polysaccharide compounds. Results: The growth rateof C. elegans was accelerated in the case of1.75GHz and the0.9GHzelectromagnetic irradiation. The high-throughput sequencing results showed thatdevelopment and morphology-related genes of C. elegans were up-regulatedsignificantly, including the cuticle collagen gene dpy. Anemam (AM) and lyciumbarbarum polysaccharide (LBP) can effectively reverse the biological effects of C.elegans during electromagnetic radiation and can be considered as two effectivecandidates drugs. Conclusion: Continuous L-band electromagnetic radiationsignificantly accelerates the development of the C. elegans. The upregulation of dpygenes of cuticle collagen synthesis has a direct or indirect relationship withaccelerated development of elegans exposed to electromagnetic irradiation. Thehome-developed radiation protected drug screening system has advantages asfollowing: short cycled, high-throughput, low cost, effective and convenient, whichprovides a convenient tool for pharmaceutical research of electromagnetic protection.Therefore, C. elegans is an ideal model organism for the study of electromagneticbiological effects and the electromagnetic protection drugs.In summary, this study on the biological effects of millimeter and microwaveshowed that:8mm MMW has typical thermal effects. Continues millimeter wavecould destroy deep layers of the mouse skin and development of C. elegans. Theescape behavior of rats and C. elegans are mainly caused by noxious heat stimulationfrom MMW. The HPM exposure to neurons with an average power density of5mW/cm2is biologically safety to cultured primary neurons. Continuous1.75GHzelectromagnetic radiation significantly accelerates the development of the C. elegans.The upregulation of dpy genes has relationship with bioeffect of C. elegans. Thisstudy developed an effective radiation protected drug screening system. Therefore, C.elegans is an ideal model organism for the study of electromagnetic biological effectsand the electromagnetic protection drugs.
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