| Aim:Lingnan's land is lower and wet, Its weather is so hot and humid that many people are susceptible to throat and eye diseases. There were many famous historic physicians have much experience in treating throat and eye diseases in Lingnan region. Many experiences was recorded into text, some was written into monographs, some were collected into comprehensive medical books, prescription books, herbal works and medical records of Lingnan, and some were published in the journal of Chinese medicine. In addition, some famous throat and eye monographs outside Lingnan were also inscribed here. All these have a profound impact on local doctors. In short, the throat and eye literatures of Lingnan which predecessors left us are quite rich, However, the current situation is that the literature is fragmented distributed and is not convenient to study.This paper aims to conduct a thorough and systematic collection on the existing throat and eye literature of Lingnan, excavate the academic thoughts and academic origins of throat and eye doctors in Lingnan, and Summarize their clinical experiences and provide reference of treatment, finally evaluate status and influence of lingnan's laryngological and ophthalmological academic development in chinaMethods:In this paper, we mainly use the method of investigating documents to fully collect laryngological and ophthalmological monographs, compile the related materials in comprehensive medical books, prescription books, medical records, herbal works, And collect papers about throat and eye in the Chinese medical journals of Guangdong in the Republic of China, and then use the methods of bibliography and comparative study to find out the authors, versions and academic origins of the monographs, summarize the academic thoughts of the Lingnan's throat and eye doctors, Collate the experience on diagnosing the throat and eye diseases of doctors, and outline the history of the development on laryngology and ophthalmology in Lingnan.Contents and Results:The paper is specifically divided into six chapters:The first chapter outlines the history of the development of ancient laryngology and ophthalmology in China respectively from four periods which are the bud, development, prosperity, and transmutation, and on this background, we outlined the history of the development on laryngology and ophthalmology in Lingnan.The second chapter studies the existing throat monographs and textbooks of Lingnan. The four monographs are "Hou She Bei Yao","Hou Zheng Tu Shuo","Hou Zheng Zhi Nan" and "Hou Zheng Quan Shu ".We described their main contents, versions and academic origins, Further summed up their academic thoughts. The study results:The contents of "Hou She Bei Yao" diverge greatly in different versions, this book excerpt parts of the contents of "Jing Yue Quan Shu" and "Hou Ke Zhi Zhang". And the Names of the laryngeal diseases likely referred to Zheng MeiJian's "Chong Lou Yu Yue".This book emphasis on the differentiation of "Hou bi", The author was good at using the prescriptions of "Gan Jie Tang" and "Yu Long San". Yu Ze Chun is the author of "Hou Zheng Zhi Nan", Zhou Zhaozhang co-published this book and "Shi Yi Bai Hou Jie Yao", the author advocates using diaphoretic carefully and always Ventilate the lung."Hou Zheng Tu Shuo" advocates using the drugs to control the diseases, avoiding using the diaphoretic bitter and cold drugs, not eating the raw and cold food and not using acupuncture and moxibustion."Hou Zheng Zhi Nan" compiled the chinese and western medical throat books, emphasized on the treatment of diphtheria. The four textbook of throat are respectively written by Gu Zhao Dian, Wu Bao Jie, Zhong Jintao, and Li Zaoyun, and their the main content and academic thought were of course introducedThe third chapter studies the existing eye monographs and textbooks of Lingnan. The five monographs are "Yan Ke Zuan Yao","Yan Ke Yue Pian","Yan Ke Qi Ming","Huang Qiaoyue Yan Ke Quan Ji" and "Jiu Mu Ci Hang". The study result:the author of "Yan Ke Zuan Yao" edited the contents the book into rhymes to remember easily. He paid more attention on the differentiation of meridians, insisted on replenishing the water and reducing the fire, clearing heat dissolving dampness, and created many effective prescriptions. The author of "Yan Ke Yue Pian" emphasized the relationship of the "Wu Lun" of the eye with the meridians and claimed that deficiency syndrome is attribute to the kidney, sthenia syndrome is attribute to the liver. The content of "Yan Ke Qi Ming" mainly comes from the monograph "Yin Hai Jing Wei". The author of "Huang Qiao yue Yan Ke Quan Ji" considered that the new eye diseases always belong to fire syndrome, and he had many creative ideas on diagnosing the nebula of the eyes."Jiu Mu Ci Hang" mainly considered that the eye diseases attribute to the heart, liver and kidney. Liang Han fen's "Yan Ke Xue Jiang Yi" criticized the "Wu Lun doctrine" and "Ba Kuo doctrine", thought that the eye diseases attribute to the disorder of meridians, and interpret the physiology and pathology of the eyes through the relationship of eye and organs.The fourth chapter studies the famous throat and eye books of northern regions published in the Lingnan, including "Yan Hou Mai Zheng Tong Lun","Hou Zheng Quan Ke Zi Zhen Ji","Bai Hou Zhi Fa Ji Biao Jue Wei","Shi Yi Bai Hou Jie Yao","Shen Shi Yao Han","Cheng Song Ai Yan Ke" and "Yi Shou Yan Ke". Study their versions and find out their impacts on the academic development of the laryngology and ophthalmology in Lingnan.The fifth chapter studies the medical theories, therapies, prescriptions, drugs about throat and eyes contained in the ancient comprehensive medical books, gynecological books, pediatric books, herbal works, acupunctural books, Chinese and Western combined medical works, and articles in the journals of Lingnan, and finally we have outlined lingnan's history of laryngology and ophthalmologyThe sixth chapter summarized the experience of throat physicians of Guangzhou in the Republic of China such as Gu Shao yao, Zhong Jin tao, Wang Jun min, Li Zao yun, and Yang Zhi ren.Conclusions:(A) The science of throat and eye in Lingnan has a long history, and develops toward diversification in Ming and Qing dynasty.In Jin Dynasty, Ge Hong's "Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang" was earliest medical monograph in Lingnan, This book summarized the domestic medical achievements before the Jin Dynasty, and lingnan's laryngology and ophthalmology began to develop from then on. In Tang dynasty, some physicians immigrated to Lingnan through long-term practice, had summed up a lot of throat and eye disease treating methods and prescriptions, such as Zheng Jing Xiu and his "Nan Zhong Si Shi She Sheng Lun", Liu Yuxi and his "Chuan Xin Fang ". In Song Dynasty, Chen Zhaoyu of Nan hai who edited "Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang", which has ophthalmological eye Laryngological prescription as many as three volumes, Liu Fang's "You You Xin Shu" also contains about two volumes of relevant content, and have "Qing mang","Que Mu","Hou Bi","Chan Hou Feng" and other academic terms, and this indicates that the Ophthalmology and laryngology had been independently divided and the academic system had been formed at that time in Lingnan region.In Qing dynasty, Laryngology and Ophthalmology experienced a rapid development in Lingnan, the academic heritage develops toward diversification. with the development of publishing, the writings of the famous physicians in past dynasties of the north were widely spreaded in Guangdong, the most important book which has influence on throat and eye were Zhang Jing yue's "Jing Yue Quan Shu", which produced far-reaching effects for the later generations in Lingnan, and even the doctors in the Republic of China. Many physicians abided by its doctrine. In addition, the doctors of Lingnan often learned form "Zheng Zhi Zhun Sheng""Hou Ke Zhi Zhang ","Shi Yi Bai Hou Jie Yao","Bai Hou Zhi Fa Ji Biao Jue Wei","Yin Hai Jing Wei" and so on. On the whole, there are little throat and Eye works of Lingnan which have constructive theories in Qing dynasty, but have more emphasis on the clinical practice. Huang yan's "Yan Ke Zuan Yao " has more innovation and more original content which was evaluated by many specialists.(B) The throat and eye doctors of Lingnan have many special theories and treatments.In the respect of theory, He Mengyao and Huangyan both think that any meridian disorder can result in the throat disease. Ren Zan, He Mengyao and Zhou Zhaozhang thought that the climate of Lingnan is very hot, and throat disease are fire, heat, Dr Yang Zhiren considers that Southerners are suffering from throat diseases which have more heat and Yin deficiency. Huang yan paid more attention to the deficiency and excess situation in diagnosing and treating laryngeal disease, he believed that any diseases has deficiency and excess situation, must find out they belongs what viscera, and differentiate whether they are in qi or blood. Dr Zhong Jintao of Panyu in republic of china thought of "Ru E","Hou Bi" and "Chan Hou Feng" as "Bi" diseases. For the treatment "Hou Bi", Lingnan physicians often use Zhang Zhongjing's "Gan Jie Tang". Guo Yuanfeng also created a set of methods diagnosing the etiology, prognosis of diseases through looking the eyes. Dr Cheng Kang pu accumulated some experience in diagnosing the children's disease from the eye.Many doctors created a lot of prescriptions to treat throat and eye diseases, Huang yan made great contribution to the development of Lingnan's Ophthalmology, some of his prescriptions, such as "Chu Shi Tang","Xin Zhi Chai Lian Tang","Xiao Yi Tang" and "Xie Fei Yin", are very famous, and these prescriptions has rigorous compatibility and conclusive effect, and have been collected by many Chinese ophthalmological textbooks. Gu Shaoyao's "Zhi Jia San", Wang Jun min's "Hou Ke Jie Du Tang", Yang Zhiren's "Shu Feng Qing Re Tang" are well known in Guangdong, as regard to the drugs, Lingnan physicians make the best use of local drugs, such as "Xiao Shan Hu","Ci Zai Hua","Long Yan leaves","Fu Rong leaves". Dr Gu Shaoyao, and Wang Jun min commonly used "Xian Zhu Feng"(a kind of bee) in the treatment of laryngeal diseases. Chen Dingtai is more good at the use of local drugs in treating laryngeal diseases, such as "spiders","plum","Qin lao", and "snails".(C)The specialization of the Lingnan's laryngological and ophthalmological education is earlier in china.Medical missionaries took Guangdong as a window to spread Western medicine and religion to Chinese in modern china, where they established hospitals, schools, curriculum of the anatomy, ophthalmology. Being affected by western education, modern cultural and ideology, and the political situation, some Lingnan's physicians began actively planning to establish the Chinese medical schools to get discourse of the living and education of TCM. These schools contained "Yi Xue Qiu Yi She"," Yi Xue Wei Sheng She","Zhong Yi Jiao Yuan Yang Cheng Suo","Guangdong Yi Xue Shi Xi Guan", which are considered as the earliest educational institutions in china at that time. But the early courses of these schools are very fragmented. The institutes that truly established a systematic education of TCM in Guangdong began form "Guangdong Zhong Yi Yao Zhuan Men Xue Xiao" and "Guangdong Guang Han Zhong Yi Xue Xiao", The two schools had the curriculums of Laryngology and Ophthalmology and edited the professional textbooks, according to my investigation, the number of Laryngological textbook is three in five versions. the number of Ophthalmological textbook is two which both of all are edited by Liang Han fen. These textbooks were edited earlier than other medical schools, which demonstrate the specialization of the Lingnan's laryngological and ophthalmological education is earlier.(D)The laryngology and ophthalmology of Lingnan have a leading position in modern China.In modern times, Guangdong is the gateway of learning the western medicine, here appeared the earliest combination of chinese and western medicine, we can see the earliest anatomical pictures in Chen Dingtai's "Yi Tan Chuan Zhen" and it was first local book that show us the anatomical location of eye and throat in modern medical sense. Chen Zhen ge not only absorbed the essence of Western medicine, but also carry out a reflection and criticism for the Chinese medicine. Furthermore, for the first time, He firstly put forward views that "Wu Lun Xue Shuo" and "Ba Kuo Xue Shuo" are ridiculous, while Zhu Pei wen listed the explanations about the throat and eye anatomic location of "Nei Jing","Nan Jing ","Zong Lu","Lei Jing" and western doctors to let readers judge its merits and demerits for themselves, all these have much creativity in the modern history of Chinese medicine. During the Republic of China, Guangdong earlier established schools of TCM, carried out education in laryngology and ophthalmology, compiled the textbooks, and finally got the leading position in china, therefore, after the people's republic of china was founded, it was of course that the first versions of laryngology and ophthalmology textbooks of traditional Chinese medicine were compiled respectively by Guangdong. |
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