Reserch On Forest Ecosystem Service Supply Based On Ecosystem Function Multiple Attributes

Forest ecosystem plays a vital role in mitigating the greenhouse effect and the resultingecological crisis, which attracts worldwide scientific community's vision. Countries aroundthe world propose and utilize the forest ecological compensation mechanism in order to useeconomic incentives to solve the worldwide ecological crisis that human beings are facing.Although the countries have made enormous efforts and achieved huge success for manyyears, this solution still has some theoretical defects and unsolved problems, which limits thesustainable forest ecosystem service supply. Therefore, the scientific community andgovernments need to think a new way and take new measures to deal with this seriousecological crisis.The theme of this paper is forest ecosystem service supply. From the perspective ofmultiple attributes of ecological functions, this paper aims to find a new way to study thesystem of forest ecosystem service supply by using the theories of forestry, ecology,economics, and management so as to solve this problem. This paper can be divided into fourparts in the structure of the study. The first part proposes multi-attribute theory, revealing theforest ecosystem's natural attributes, social properties and market attributes, and interpretingthe external multi-level evaluation of the ecosystem functions, the multi-level supply modelof ecosystem services, which provides a theoretical analysis framework of ecosystem services.Based on the multi-attribute theory of ecological functions, the second part analyzes themulti-attribute value of the forest ecosystem, multi-level price of forest ecosystem services,and the forest ecosystem services external problems, which provides a prerequisite for theestablishment of the forest ecosystem services mechanism. The third part is based on multipleattributes and ecological functions of forest ecosystem functions, revealing the deficiencies ofecological compensation mechanism, proposing the theory of ecological services,reconstructing the basic framework of supply mechanism of forest ecosystem services, andimproving the three ecological services supply modes: eco-supply mode, the governmentsupply mode, and the market trading patterns. At the same time this paper analyzes the main types of the ecological supply mode, the government supply mode, and market supply mode,formation conditions, applied scopes by means of comparison and analysis so as to improvethis system with three new modes. The fourth part analyzes forest ecosystem functionmulti-attribute in HuangLong county region, and makes a preliminary evaluation for theecological functions of the forests in HuangLong county region by using the system of forestecosystem services supply so as to propose the strategic vision of building eco-DC inHuanglong county. In accordance to this theory of multiple attributes of forest ecosystemfunctions, this paper reconstructs the forest ecosystem service supply mechanism, andimproves the mode of forest ecosystem services supply, then it reaches the followingconclusions:Forest ecosystem service mechanism is formed in the relative scarcity of forestecosystem services. Forest has a strong ecological value, due to its natural attributes and onthe other hand, due to inadequacy of forest ecosystem services for the environmental damagewith the developing of society and the growth of human needs of forest ecosystem services.Therefore, human beings' behavior for the forest is not compensating the benefits of forests tosociety, but increasing the supply of forest eco-products. The main contradiction betweenhuman beings and forest ecosystem is whether forest ecosystem supply is sustainable andsufficient or not. The formation of ecosystem service mechanism shows some regularcharacteristics: the scarcity of ecological resources----causing the improvement of ecosystemservices----leading to the production of ecological functions value---forming the price ofecosystem services---completing the regulations of ecosystem services---improving themodes of ecosystem services. Therefore, the process of ecosystem services formation isbecoming better and better.The ecological functions multi-attribute theory reveals the mechanism of the ecosystemservices supply in the new perspective. Forest ecosystem has the value of multipleperspectives based on multiple attributes. Forest ecosystem is a complex ecosystem. From adifferent perspective, the understanding of the forest is very different. In human non-centrismperspective, the forest itself has a natural right to support the vitality of the Earth system,which reflects the value of forest-based natural attributes. The value of forests includes notonly the welfare of human society, but also forest ecosystem services. From the perspectiveof human needs, the forest can bring to human society, a strong eco-efficiency, reflecting thevalue of its forest-based social attributes. The value of forests includes benefits to humansociety brought by the forest, not includes their own supporting production systems. Standingon the perspective of market-based economic behavior, some forest ecosystem services indetermining the property rights can be transformed into eco-products, and can be used to trade. It embodies the value of forest-based market properties, which determines the value offorests, mainly the goods value of forest ecosystem services. On Assumptions based onmultiple attributes of the ecological functions---natural attributes, social attributes and marketattributes, the ecosystem functions have multi-attribute values, the price system of multi-levelecosystem services and multi-condition ecological service supply modes.Based on multiple attributes of the ecological functions, forest ecosystem services havemulti-level pricing system. There are some correlations between the multi-attribute value ofthe ecological functions and the multi-level price of ecosystem services, but they don't havethe same connotation. Multi-attribute value of ecological functions is an "analog value" basedon the scarcity of ecosystem services, which constitutes the theoretical upper limit of theecological services prices. The supply cost of the ecosystem services is "costs paid" based onmultiple attributes of the ecological functions and ecosystem services supply, whichconstitutes the theoretical lower limit of the ecological services prices. Supply of forestecosystem services is not equivalent to "purchasing" the forest ecosystem services, butaccurate definition of the economic costs in the internalizing process of forest ecologicalfunctions services externality, to ensure continuous and adequate supply of the ecosystemservices. Therefore, the formation of prices of forest ecosystem services is based on themulti-mode ecological services, and ecological services price range for multi-attribute valueassessment and analysis of multiple cost factors, to form multi-condition and multi-levelecosystem services price system.Based on the theory of multiple attributes of the ecological functions, the forestecosystem services supply mechanism is the improvement of the ecological compensationmechanism. There are serious deficiencies in the ecological compensation mechanism Itfailed to resolve the "communion" problem between the Pigovian theory and the Coasetheory, and did not fully absorb the theory of forest ecology, to some extent, in violation ofthe principles of fairness and efficiency, and therefore fundamentally is difficult to effectivelyavoid the generation of the tragedy of the commons. The theoretical basis of the mechanismreconstruction of ecological services has formed, based on ecological theory of the naturalattributes of ecological functions, public goods theory of the social attributes of ecologicalfunctions, Coase's theory of the market property of ecological functions, and ecological pricetheory of the multiple attributes of the ecological functions to overcome the deficiencies inthe system of ecological compensation mechanism. Reconstruction of forest ecosystemservices supply mechanism must be based on the multi-attribute theory of ecologicalfunctions. By adjusting the multi-regional supply policy of ecological services, improving themain system of the diversified supply, raising the supply funds from multi-channels, and perfecting multi-condition price formation mechanisms and multi-level support mechanisms,the supply of forest ecosystem services will go into the scientific track.Based on the theory of multiple properties, the supply mechanism of forest ecosystemservices is to improve the ecosystem compensation mechanism. Forest ecological benefits ofpublic goods supply mechanism for ecological compensation theory is a reflection of theoryand practice. Seen from an economic essence, the forest ecosystem services supply is actuallythe production and delivery problem of the forest ecosystem services. But due to the nature ofpublic goods, ecological services market has the limitations to make its way through thealienation of goods, compared with the general goods. As public goods, the main supply ofeco-products is the government. Market supply is carried out under the guidance of thegovernment, subordinate to the government's supply. As a way of economic operation of thegovernment's supply, its purpose is to improve the efficiency of public goods of forestecosystems, but the market is unlikely to be the ultimate eco-products suppliers. Supply ofecological restoration is a special form and an improvement of the government. Under theguidance of the government, all three modes play their leading roles within a certain range.Finally, three modes will be integrated in the system of government-led forest ecologicalpublic goods supply.This paper expands ecological functions of forests from a single natural attribute tonatural attributes, social attributes and market attributes, reveals relationships and mechanismof the forest ecosystems to the human sustainable development, achieves the effectiveintegration of the ecological thought and economic theory, and proposes mechanisms for thesupply of forest ecosystem services and modes of forest ecosystem services supply to lay thetheoretical framework of analysis for sustainable development of forest policy.