| The grain protein content, agronomic performance in different years, and the relationship between agronomic traits and protein content among 80 accessions of Triticum turgidum ssp. carthlicum from fourteen countries or areas, including Georgia, Turkey and so on, were investigated.. Moreover, the population genetic diversity based on EST-SSR markers was also estimated. These results might be useful for understanding the genetic structure and diversity of carhtlicum wheat (Persian wheat). Thus, it could provide important information for germplasm evaluation, conservation and reasonable utilization.The results were described as following:1. The grain protein contents of 80 persian wheat accessions were investigated. Higher variability for protein contents was observed, and the range of variation was 7.71%-18.09%, with the average of 13.88%. Based on analysis of variance (AVOVA), it was found that the genotype had significantly effects on the protein content (F= 60.518**). Comparing the performance of protein content of all materials from different source, it was found that the accessions from Georgia, the former Soviet union, Turkey and Canada had significant effects on each other. Whereas, no significant difference among the materials from Iran. According to the unweighted pair group with arithmetic average (UPGMA), based on the average genetic distance 2.41, the accessions could be clustered into 4 groups. Cluster analysis indicated that the materials from different origion could not be distinguished. The relationship between protein contents and high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) were studied also. The results showed that grain protein content of the materials with different subunits was different. According to the main characters, some accessions were screen out for one or some superior performance, such as PI532498 and PI532510 with the lowest protein content but with the superior quality subunit 2*.2. The agronomic traits of 80 carhtlicum wheat accessions collected from 14 countries or areas including Georgia, Turkey and so on were investigated based on analysis of variance. Higher variations of the nine agronomic traits were observed. The higher plant height, more spikelets and kernels per spike, lower 1000-grains weight and longer spike length were found in Persian wheat. The results suggested that the environment was important for the agronomic performance of wheat. Meanwhile, all the accessions, of which, the agronomic performance in different years and different origion, their difference among all the accessions. Based on analysis of variance (AVOVA), it was found that the genotype and year (F=29.44**) had significant effects on agronomic traits. The agronomic performance of the materials from different countries or areas showed that materials from different origion were with different superior traits. Besides, the agronomic traits and grain protein content were analyzed by correlation, stepwise regression, path, principal component. The correlation analysis indicated that 22 and 7 pairs of agronomic traits had significant effects in simple correlation and partial correlation, respectively. It was found that the negative significant correlation between 1000-grain weight and grain protein content was detected (r=-0.5908**). Lower 1000-grain weight could lead to higher grain protein content, while, longer spike length and more tiller number per plant, spike number per plant, spikelet number per spike might lead to higher grain protein content. Based on stepwise regression analysis, spike length make great contributes to grain protein content and based on path analysis, grain protein content was most affected by tiller number per plant. According to the principle elements analysis, five principle elements were obtained, which contributes variance over 85.09%, especially the tiller number type (37.27%).3. The hybrids between Chuannong 16 and some Persian wheat were carried-out. The 1000-grain weight was surpassing the parents, and heading date was much shorter than parents. The seeds were obtained in F1 generation. This experiment showed that the useful genes in Persian wheat could be tranfered into common wheat.4. Genetic diversity in 86 carthlicum accessions was investigated using EST-SSR markers. A total of 32 alleles were detected on 14 EST-SSR loci. At each locus, the number of alleles ranged from 3 to 7, with an average of 3.7. There were differences on the effective alleles, Shannon index, heterozygosity and wright fixation index among population. These results based on the different indexes were in consistence. Based on Nm analyzed, most of the average Nm was less than 1 except for locus SWES179 was more than 1, indicating that populations on this locus may inhibit the genetic differentiation. Wright fixation index indicated allelic prefer to heterozygosity performance, but the lower value of heterozygosity in carthlicum wheat was found, Ewens-Watterson tests of neutrality revealed that the high level of genetic diversity within loci was maintained by heterozygosity selection. Except for locus CAU12, all the loci were located in 95% confidence, belonging to neutrality site. Ohta's two-locus analysis suggested there was limited migration among populations. The variance of linkage disequilibrium within population was higher on than that between populations. Selection and migration could lead to all detected loci except SWES18 and SWES86 of triticum carthlicum showed no Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The largest genetic similarity (GS) value was 0.9375. On the average GS of 0.6293,86 carthlicum accessions could be custered into five groups. The clustering results had no necessary connection with material origin. The consequence also indicated that the evaluation using in EST-SSR marker was available for Persian wheat genetic structure and diversity.
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