Study Of Urban Geography Of The Shandong Peninsula

To study urban groups with regional perspective has been new trend in the research of historical urban geography in past decade. On Shandong Peninsula where human originated since the earlier time developed numerous urban groups by West Han Dynasty. After the founding of Han Dynasty, the urban groups on Shandong Peninsular evolved complicatedly and dramatically until it was generally finalized by the Yuan Dynasty in traditional time. During this process, the transmission of the central city has been a phenomenon worth of studying from the West Han to the Yuan Dynasty. This dissertation focuses on the transmission of urban groups and central city on Shandong Peninsular during this period by analyzing the process of, reason for the transmission and draws up the basic principles. The dissertation includes three parts.The first part discusses the transmission of the urban groups and central city on Shandong Peninsular during the period of Han and Jin Dynasties.The first chapter studies the urban groups of Han and Jin Dynasties. The West Han became the key time for the urban groups to be settled numerously. On one hand, the urban groups were regionally distributed to be West-aggregated and East-dispersed; On the other hand, the urban groups were mostly located at the plain area, geographically along with river sides. The location characters being attached to the micro natural geographical environment obviously. This aspect continued in the following time including the East Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties concerning about the location distribution and aggregation.The second chapter studies the transmission of central city in Han and Jin Dynasties. During this period, the central city on Shandong Peninsular transmitted from Linzi to Guanggu, which was successful under such situation of instability in the Western Jin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period. Generally speaking, the Guanggu city made up for the weakness of the city of Linzi with view to microcosmic geographical environment. However, this transmission was of little meaning for two reasons: compared to Linzi, the geographically-centralized location of Guanggu had no change; and the Guanggu did not get independence from the urban inland which the city of Linzi depended on before. In a word, this transmission was basically grounded by the active adaptation to the political and military situation in the late period of West Jin Dynasty.The second part focuses the transmission of the urban groups and central city on Shandong Peninsular in the period of from Liu Song to Tang Dynasty. The third chapter studies the transmission of urban groups in the period from Liu Song to Tang Dynasty. In Liu Song and Wei Dynasties, the number of cities reached to the peak. The aspect was more obvious of being West-aggregated and East-dispersed with perspective of regional spatial structure. The geographic location continued along the riversides and aggregated on the plain area. For the selection of city site, the seat of resident Jun usually positioned at regions of good natural geographical environment and important strategic position while other seat of resident Xian were of less importance geographically and strategically. The microcosmic geographical environment was worse of relocated cities in Han and Jin Dynasties. We should pay more attention to the relocation of cities being affected by the resident districts during this period. In North Qi period, the number of cities decreased sharply on Shandong Peninsular. On the regional spatial structure perspective, the imbalance of West-aggregated and East-dispersed structure reduced although the basic aspect of the regional distribution continued. The ratio of cities located on plain area was decreasing geographically and the cities along with riversides witnessed no changes. The phenomenon of locating nearby the transportation line became sight catching among the relocated cities in the North Qi period. By the year of 612, the West-aggregated and East dispersed distribution imbalance harshly decreased after Sui Dynasty dramatically reconstructed cities. Concerning about the geographic feature of allocation, the aspect of locating along with riversides and on plain area continued. By analyzing the selecting sites of reconstructing cities in Sui Dynasty, we found that the condition of microcosmic geography does not comply with the continuity of location, which manifests the ruler paid more attention to the spatial reasonableness between cities than the microcosmic geographical condition of location. By the year of 821, the imbalance of city distribution became unobvious when the decrease of cities located on Jiaolai Plain is worth of studying. Like to Sui Dynasty, the ruler also paid more attention to the spatial reasonableness of cities, which became the main reason for the change of regional spatial structure of urban group on Shandong Peninsular. In Tang Dynasty, the newly-constructed cities were located better geographically.The forth chapter discusses the transformation of central cities in the period of from Liu Song to Tang Dynasty when the central city was still Qingzhou but Jinan became more important. On the administrative scales, economic power and common review, Qingzhou and Jinan formed a prone-dual structure of central cities on Shandong Peninsular in the period of from Liu Song to Tang Dynasty. The third part studies the transmission in Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties.The fifth chapter analyzes the urban groups in Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. By the year of 1125, the number of cities on the Peninsular stabled and the spatial differentiation characteristics became surfaced between Northern Tai Mountain Area and Jiaodong concerning about regional spatial structure. The forces driving the regional transmission of cities included inundation of the Yellow River, transportation change, and regional economic development. The number of cities increased quickly in Jin Dynasty on the Peninsular. The imbalance of sub-regional of Northern Tai Mountain Area and Eastern Area to Jiaolai River became unclear with perspective of regional spatial structure. Geographically, the relocated cities mainly were positioned along the Beiqing River and the hilly land of Jiaodong. The regional economic development was the main driving force of the increase of cities in Jin Dynasty. The increase was limited in Yuan Dynasty while there was little change on the regional spatial structure, which means the basic urban groups distribution structure had became finalized of the Peninsular by the time of Yuan Dynasty in traditional period.The sixth chapter analyzes the transmission of central cities. With comparison between Qingzhou and Jinan, we found that Jinan increasingly caught up with the city of Qingzhou and equaled to the later concerning about urbanization, administrative organizations, and city size by the Yuan Dynasty. By comparing the density of population, urbanization and business tax sum, we found that the development of inland of Jinan overweighed that of Qingzhou by the late Song Dynasty. And the gap became bigger in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, which signaled that the economic core area had transmitted from the central area to the western area. In a word, by the earlier period of Ming Dynasty, the political center transmitted from Qingzhou to Jinan, which was the result of the urbanization and economic development of inland of Jinan in Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties.