A Study On The Urbanization Of Minority Nationalities In China

Urbanization is the inevitable course for all Minzu heading for modernization in our country, each of them should not be absent. But the process of urbanization of ethnic minorities is faced with not only common problems but particular problems.The research with these problems will lend a hand to promote the process of urbanization of ethnic minorities, and also enrich the theory of urbanization. These problems can be classified into two kinds. One is the actual problems including the lag-behind of urbanization level, difficulty to integrate into the urban society,difficulty of floating population management, ethnic discrimination, permeation and damages caused by “the Three Force”, etc. The other is the guidance problems including the choices of urbanization or anti-urbanism, pro-metropolis or pro-town urbanization, depending on government or market or society, etc. There are incomplete and insufficient literatures on these topics, and especially lack of fundamental supporting theories of political economics. Therefore, it is valuable in theory and practice to construct a fundamental analysis frame and thus study more systematically the theme of urbanization of the ethnic minorities.Before going deep into it, we should research the theme of urbanization generally,and then take into consideration of the ethnic factor. Therefore, we should look into the essence of urbanization firstly. Urbanization intrinsically is not, as argued, the process of aggregation of population, expanding of urban area, changing of lifestyle,transition of social and economic structure, but the process of cooperation order expanding, which means the docking and amalgamation of the cooperation order in traditional rural sociality with that in urban sociality. Cooperation order is the comprehensive description of human being’s cooperation behavior, including cooperation breeding which affected by cooperation will, cooperation capacity, and cooperation institution; and cooperation degree which affected by cooperation drive,cooperation model consisting of cooperation scope and cooperation depth, and cooperation support. It is cooperation breeding rather than cooperation degree that is decisive. There are two basic form of cooperation order expanding, including outward expanding which has the direction from the rural society to the urban one, and inward expanding otherwise.Therefore, the research on the essence of urbanization shall actually be on thebasis of the research of human being’s cooperation behavior which is the main topic of the Behavioral Economics and the Game Theory and also the whole political economics at large. Cooperation and division of labor is the two sides of the same coin, and the socialism pays more attention to the former and the capitalism goes otherwise. So it is beneficial for the exploration of the Socialism Political Economics with Chinese Characteristics to construct the socialism economic theory of cooperation absorbing the abundant fruit of the capitalism economic theory of division of labor, and based on the existing research results on the theme of cooperation. To achieve that goal, it is firstly required to answer the question that if the cooperation is possible, which is answered positively after the research of the Prisoner’s Dilemma, Tragedy of the Commons, the Logic of Collective Action, and Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem. And secondly it is necessary to dig into the effecting factors of the cooperation order extending, so that we can put up the analysis fame of socialism economic theory of cooperation, which can be achieved by taking in relative multidisciplinary research findings.Particularly, it will be discussed that cooperation will is initiated by self-benefit or altruism, especially by cooperation surplus. Cooperation capacity embodies as the material capital, human capital, and social capital. Cooperation institution consists of national laws, market rules, and social contract. Cooperation drive — — rooting in cooperation will——consists five kinds of mechanism including kin selection, group selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, and spatial games. Cooperation model ——decided by cooperation capacity——consists of cooperation scope and cooperation depth. And the former can be recognized as kin cooperation, group cooperation, regional cooperation, and social cooperation. The latter can be recognized as separated cooperation, embedded cooperation, and integrated cooperation. Cooperation support — — deriving from cooperation institution — —depends on government’s “the visible hand” running by laws, market’s “the invisible hand” running by market rules, and the sociality’s “the third hand” running by social contract. All above makes up cooperation breeding and cooperation degree, and then the analysis frame of socialism economic theory of cooperation.Based on this analysis frame, we can describe the cooperation order extending in the process of urbanization, and thus can analyze the actual and guidance problems in the process of urbanization of the ethnic minorities. By the methods of description,case-study, data-analysis, etc., we can find the right road for urbanization, which is enhancing cooperation will, cooperation capacity, and cooperation institution, and therefore enhancing cooperation drive, cooperation model, and cooperation support.Because the actual problems in the process of urbanization of the ethnic minorities are caused by the hindrance of cooperation order expanding, we should solve these problems on the road we find. And for the guidance problems, we should draw out conclusion with the criterion of being in favor of cooperation order expanding.Because of using the method of combination of theory and practice, the research results of this paper may not only be useful to analyze and solve the problems in the process of urbanization of the ethnic minorities, but open a window for studying the general problems of urbanization and constructing socialism economic theory of cooperation. And therefore, this dissertation can be seen as a long-time research plan.