Study On The Problem Of Rural Land Circulation In Three Goeges Reservoir Area Based On The Perspective Of Farmers’ Livelihood

Rural land issues under the new economic normality are very complex theoretical and practical problems, because the land is not only an important factor of production, and plays an economic, social, organizational and institutional support in many cases. At this stage, the issue of rural land mainly for rural farmers contracted land management rights transfer problems, which began in land running right development of modern agriculture and the rural labor force, the Household Contract Responsibility System in the form of conflicts between achieving. With the deepening of reform and opening up, the second and third industry in the national economy has developed rapidly. However, relatively low efficiency of agriculture led to a large number of rural labor flows to other industries, surplus rural population for the sick and elderly, such as staying young population, resulting in rural age structure being extremely hollow village, farmers and industry-oriented, rear demographic imbalance. Rural agricultural labor shortage has become an important factor restricting the development of agriculture. "How to farm and who farm" has become theorists and government more attention to the problem. At the same time, the new technology adoption in modern agricultural production, the transformation in modes of production and management, increase in capital factor and the technical inputs, the promotion of modern agricultural information technology and the market demand for the standardization and monitoring of agricultural production make it practical needs to improve the level of agricultural scaled production and intensive production and to raise agricultural economic benefits. However, in traditional form of household contract responsibility system, individual farmers’ land area is small and scattered, the rural land circulation market, labor market, financial market, technology market, capital market and agricultural commodity credit market is not yet perfect, individual farmers is weak with small management scale that is difficult to form a competitive advantage and the ability to resist market risks is weak. Therefore, household contract responsibility system is difficult to adapt in the new era, prominent contradictions exist between the current form of the realization of the household contract responsibility system(land decentralized operation) and modern agricultural development requirements. Rural land circulation becomes an inevitable choice to deepen the reform of rural land system and develop modern agriculture.The Three Gorges Reservoir area is mountainous hilly region, and the land here is small and multi-cultivated, and the agricultural production infrastructure is not perfect. These facts can affect the Three Gorges Reservoir area to carry out moderate agricultural management and the process of modernization development of high-yield, high-quality and high-efficiency agriculture. The land circulation overall presents a "many, small, scattered, weak" situation in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The overall circulation level is not high, namely due to more than 95% mountainous, hilly terrain of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The distribution of the scattered block makes the regional farmland distribution presented the "many". As the implementation form of the Household Contract Responsibility System is to allocate the "good, medium and poor" land per capita, the originally broken farmland are artificial divided into smaller blocks and more scattered distributed, forming the situation of "small". The "many and small" status make the circulated farmland basically fragmentary that land circulation is more dispersed and the overall flow is in a "loose" state. Currently, the farmland in circulation mostly have poor soil and relatively large farming radius, and the weak agricultural infrastructure, short irrigation water, inconvenient farming eventually led to the circulation in "weak" situation.Currently, the research of rural land circulation system is not perfect. The great impacts of livelihoods on the peasant household decision-making have been agreed upon by academia. However, land circulation as an important production decision for farmers, the study of livelihood capital on peasant household decision-making behavior is still at the exploration stage, especially in the perspective of farmers’ sustainable livelihoods in the Three Gorges Reservoir area the research is less or is still blank. Therefore, this paper studied rural farmland circulation problems in Three Gorges Reservoir area based on the perspective of farmers livelihood by using participatory rural appraisal to obtain peasant household survey data, at the same time using the theoretical knowledge of geography, sociology and economics. It combined qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis and normative research is combined with empirical research methods to analyze the livelihood capital of farmers involved in farmland circulation behavior. It can provide scientific decision basis for improving more active participation of farmers in the activities of land circulation and realize moderate scale of agricultural operations.The main study contents and study results in this thesis are listed as follows:(1) The livelihood capital difference is significant among farmers of different livelihood types. Farmers’ livelihood capital value increases with the degree of non-agricultural development, to be more specific, from pure-agriculture households, agricultural-dependent households, non-agricultural-dependent households and non-agriculture households, the capital value shows an increasing trend.(2) Each livelihood strategy of different types of farmers faces certain risks, but the degree of farmers livelihood risks differ. With the increase of farmers’ non-agriculture degree, the livelihood strategy is continuously optimized. Pure-agriculture household has a relatively single family livelihood strategy as constrained by human capital that is fully engaged in agricultural production activity. When hit by a natural disaster, agricultural income dramatically reduced or faced total crop failure, basically there was no other income to make up the loss. Therefore this type of household’s livelihood strategy is the most inferior, facing the greatest livelihood risk. Non-agriculture households can flexibly choose different livelihood strategy according to different economic status or varied external risks with its relatively adequate capital accumulation, especially human capital accumulation, therefore its livelihood risk is relatively low.(3) With the increase of non-agriculture degree, farmers choose to adapt existing livelihood strategy are on the rise. When choosing the way for improvement of the livelihood strategies, farmers of different types all have great dependence on the original living strategy.(4) Land circulation behavior characteristics and perception of land circulation of different livelihood of farmers has certain regularity. Land circulation mostly occurred within village and the space of flow range is small; Land circulation is mostly carried out among unrelated farmers. Most of the land circulation are carried with verbal agreement rather than formal written agreement. Third-party participation situation in land circulation is rare that when dispute in land circulation occurs, all kinds of agricultural cooperative organizations and the villagers committee can not effectively mediate in time. There is a certain difference of land circulation perception among farmers of different livelihood type. There is no obvious difference between the perception of land circulation role recognition and the land circulation participation, which are both high. It shows that farmers have a high recognition on the purpose and the role of the national land circulation policy implementation. If farmers’ dependence on land can be reduced through increasing their sustainable livelihood development ability, land circulation will be effectively promoted.(5) The households’ livelihood capital has a great influence on land circulation behavior and there are differences in the influence of the same livelihood capital on farmers of different livelihood types. Human capital impact of agriculture-led farmers is positive, but the impact on the livelihoods of other types of households is negative. The impact of physical capital and financial capital for each type of household livelihoods are all positive. The impact of social capital for agriculture-oriented farmers and non-farm impact-type farmers is positive, but impact on the pure type of agricultural farmers and non-farm households led are negative. The impact of psychological capital for different types of farmers is positive. The impact of environmental capital of the pure type of agricultural farmers and non-farm-oriented is negative, but the impact on other types of households is positive. The impact of natural capital for agriculture-led farmers is negative and the impact on the other three types of households is positive. Further analysis showed that if the capital stocks of farmers are enhanced, farmers can reduce excessive dependence on social security function of land. Therefore land transfer will be beneficial to participate in activities.(6) The conceptual system of land circulation encouragement model is put forward according to different livelihood types of farmers. The livelihood risk caused by the lack of venture capital, natural capital, physical capital, financial capital, social capital, psychological capital and the external environment capital leads to farmers’ excessive dependence on the social security function of land, making farmers doubt about involving in land circulation and affecting the normal development of land circulation. Therefore, this study puts forward increasing farmers’ livelihood capital stock, optimizing farmers’ livelihood strategies, reducing the risk of farmers’ livelihood and enhancing farmers’ sustainable livelihood development level according to types of livelihood capital farmers lacked to encourage land circulation, which will reduce farmers’ dependence on various social security function of land, promote rural land circulation and finally realize land scale management, increase farmers’ income and rural economic and social development.