| Apricot is one of the main planted fruit trees in XinJiang Uygur autonomous region. Apricot-cotton intercropping and apricot-grain intercropping are the major the pattern. The implementation of sustainability ecological control to the pest is the important pledge for the development of apricot industry in XinJiang. This article describes the structure and dynamic of arthropod community of two types of agroforestry system in apricot orchard, revealed the arthropod community of crops and apricot orchard .The mechanism of interrelation and interaction among the apricot, insects and natural enemy were revealed. The biology and ecology characteristic of major insect in apricot orchard of agroforestry were studied. Finally, the integrated pest management strategy in apricot orchard of complex ecosystem were put forward, the results show that:1. The structure of arthropod agroforestry system in apricot orchardThere were 8829 individual pests, natural enemy and neutral inscet in apricot-grain agroforestry system apricot orchard sub-system in 2006's investigation, they belong to Insecta 9 Order ,48 family; Arachnida 1 Order,4 family; there were 20995 individual arthropods in 2007's investigation, they belong to Insecta 10 Order ,51 family; Arachnida 1 Order,4 family. There were 9035 individual arthropods in apricot sub-system of apricot-cotton agroforestry system in apricot orchard in 2006's investigation, they belong to Insecta 9 Order ,40 family; Arachnida 1 Order,6 family; there were 25976 individual pests, natural enemy and neutral inscet in 2007's investigation, they belong to Insecta 10 Order ,48 family; Arachnida 1 Order,4 family.2. The adjustment effect of intercrop to arthropod communityThe intercrop played an important role on the adjustment and stability of arthropod community in apricot complex ecosystem and apricot sub-ecosystem. They played an important role on the propagation and adjustment of natural enemy in apricot orchard as well. With the undulating of growing period of intercrop in apricot-grain complex ecosystem, there were more migration of natural enemy between grain field and apricot orchard. When intercrop were vigorous growth, the natural enemy migrated from apricot sub-ecosystem to grain field. When intercrop ecosystem declined, the natural enemy migrated to apricot sub-ecosystem. This phenomenon displayed obviously on natural enemy categories like Araneae and beetles etc. There were no obvious species movement in apricot-cotton complex ecosystem, but the cotton field played an important role on the adjustment and stability of arthropod community in apricot sub-ecosystem.3. The effect of harmful control of main pest and natural enemy in apricot complex ecosystemThere were no common pest which a great deal of mutually transfer and serious danger of intercrop or apricot trees in the apricot-grain complex ecosystem and apricot-cotton complex ecosystem. Coccidae,bark beetles,leaf rollers(borers)were major pest group of types, and Cicadellidae,Aphidinea,thrips,Psylla,mites,Mirini etc. were secondary pest group of types in apricot-grain complex ecosystem apricot sub-ecosystem . The occurrence and damage by secondary pest group of types in apricot sub-ecosystem was controlled by the natural enemy which in the 2 complex ecosystem apricot sub-ecosystem, and it played a role on controlling the scale insect pests as well。4. The biological and ecological study of Rhodococcus turanicus and Pseudaulacaspis pentagonaThe occurrence pattern of R. turanicus was one generation annually. Its second instar nymph over winter in the annual to biennial branches. The female insect began to lay egg in the middle ten-day to third ten-day period of April, the productivity per female insect was 153 to 1863, averagely 816.9 per female insect. The egg began to hatch in first ten-day period of May. It damage the leaves and fruits by fixation, and developing to second instar nymph, it migrated to annual to biennial branches before the leaves fallen, the second instar nymph overwintered. The population number of R. turanicus can increase 4.70 times in one generation with natural condition.The"predation and others"played the most important controlling effect in natural apricot orchard. The second natural enemy was parasitic enemy, its number got the summit period in middle ten-day Jul. to third ten-day Aug. The regression model between the loss rate of apricot and Rhodococcus turanicus. population was established as follow: y = 24.671Ln(x) - 16.56 (y:the loss rate of the yield, x: the population density of Rhodococcus turanicus,the unit was head/cm2),the correlation coefficient was (R2) 0.8226.The occurrence pattern of P. pentagona was two generation annually. Its fertilized imago overwinter in the branches. It began to take its food, and develop in middle ten-day to third ten-day March, the female insect began to lay egg in the middle ten-day to third ten-day period of April, the eggs began to hatch in ten days more or less. The nymph can develop imago. The mating occurred between male and female imago in June, the female began to lay egg in July. The second generation was hatched in the end of July. The second male pupa generaton came out in the end of Aug.The male insect eclosion and mating with female occurred in frist ten-day of Sep.5. The study of occurrence pattern and damage of Scolytus seulensis Mur.The occurrence pattern of S. seulensis was three generation annually.The damage can be see by S. seulensis imago in the first ten-day of May, the summit damage period happened in the middle ten-day of April, and it began to lay eggs.The active summit period occurred in the last ten-day of May, and the last ten-day of June and July, and the middle ten-day of Aug, first ten-day of Sep. The most active frequent was in July and August. The stem and branches which was 80-110cm and south-east orientation were damaged easily. There were high survival ratio of egg and larva in weak growth tree , rot disease, stem and branches with wound. The growth power became weak after being damaged,and the solubility sugar content in phloem increased gradually with the degree of being damaged, and the water content decreased gradually. There was some difference on solubility sugar and water content in apricot tree phloem to varying degree of being damaged.6. The study of occurrence patten and damage of Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and codling moth, Cydia pomonella(L.)The codling moth,Cydia pomonella(L.), Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Anarsia lineatella Zeller were the main insects which bore the apricot fruit in apricot orchard, it occurred when the fruit was maturing and the sugar content was increasing gradually(the third ten-day of May). The frist fruit boring summit period occurred in the frist ten-day of June ( prior ripen of apricot fruit). The second fruit boring summit period occurred in the end of June to beginning of July ( end picking period of apricot fruit). The occurrence pattern of Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was four generation annually. The imago population increased the summit period in the last ten-day of April, the frist ten-day of June, the middle ten-day of July, the last ten-day of Aug. to the middle ten-day of Sep.The occurrence pattern of codling moth,Cydia pomonella(L.) was three generation annually. The imago population was in the summit period in the last ten-day of April, the last ten-day of May to the frist ten-day of June, the last ten-day of June to the middle ten-day of July.7. The comprehensive control and management strategies to main pest in apricot orchardAccording to the results of the outhor himself and the predecessor's, the agricultural, biological, physical and chemical prevention and control techniques to main insects in apricot orchard were summarized in this paper, the annual management plan of the main pest in apricot orchard were established.
|
PDF Full Text Request