Study On Arthropod Community And Integrated Management Of Major Pests In The Field For Alisma Orientalis(Sam.)Juzep

Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep., as a Chinese herbal medicine in common use, is recorded in the past dynasties edition《Chinese Pharmacopoeia》, and belongs to marsh plant in Alismaceae. While with the characters of sweet flavor, cold-natured, into kidney, urinary bladder meridian and favor-humidity pharmaco-efficacy, dispersing phlegm, reducing fire of moxibustion, dehumidifying and heat-removing and so on, it can be added into medicine in the form of desiccative tuber. Nowadays, one of the ingredients of the "Pills of Six Drugs with Rehmannia" on sale in the market is Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep.. The Jianou City in Fujian and Pengshan City in Sichuang, which are the two producing unit for traditional medicinal materials, are also the two major producing unit of Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep., and the corresponding products can commonly be regarded as Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep. in Fujian and Sichuang, respectively.This Chinese herbal medicine can be used both in preventing and curing of disease and is the special goods for health care. So during the manufacturing process, not only the yield but also the quality should be taken into account. Among all the factors influencing the product of Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep., prevention and cure of plant diseases and insect pests can be one of the most important factors for its output and quality. Accordingly, with the title of "Study on Arthropod Community and Integrated Management of Major Pests in the field for Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep. " and the aim to make great efforts to public nuisances culturing and modernization of Chinese traditional medicals, research on the different culturing patterns and various insecticides, which result in the change of composition and structure under different time and space series, were conducted to open out the influence of the ecological condition and man-made factors on the composition and structure of the field, and finally, reveal the action mechanism between Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep. and pest or natural enemy. At the same time, the research on the comprehensive control techniques of primary pest community was also carried out. From all above efforts, the standard operating procedure of the compressive control on pest of Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep. was established , tested and verified. The main research results were depicted in the following summary.1 Structure characters of the arthropod community in the field for Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep.The species of arthropod in the field for Alisma orientalis(Sam.) Juzep. was somewhat affluent, a total of 101 species of arthropod was collected, which can be subordinate to 10 orders and 60 families in Insecta and 1 order and 9 families in Arachnida, in total 150555 individuals. Among them, including 25 species of predators,32 species of parasitoids, 25 species of insect pests and 19 species of neutral insects , the species of natural enemy accounts for as more as 56．43% of the total arthropod. Form the view of individual amounts of various community, the insect pest has absolute advantage over others, that is 2．3 times to natural enemy, 2．4 times to neutral insect. The high amounts of insect pest are mainly due to the corresponding high rates of Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linne and Prodenia litura Fabricius. These two kinds of insect pest take 92．53% of the insect pest individuals and 50．06% of the total amounts of all the arthropod in the field for Alisma orientails(Sam.)Juzep..2 Impact of different culturing patterns on the arthropod community and tuber yield constitution for Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep.Remarkable impacts of different culturing patterns on the species amount and community amounts of arthropod can always be recorded. The individuals in Mode A (traditional culturing pattern + compound fertilizer ) with the obvious less species, can be up to 6-8 species. On the aspect of individual amount, Mode A>Mode B( traditional culturing pattern + compound and organic fertilizer )>Mode C( ridge and saddle-planting pattern + compound fertilizer )>Mode D(ridge and saddle-planting pattern + compound and organic fertilizer ), and Mode A has 9035 individuals more than Mode D. So it can be deduced that the species of arthropod can be adjusted and regulated through the alteration of ecological condition, for example, when Mode D being employed, not only the control of community amounts, but also the fostering and building of the community of natural enemy and neutral insect, with the persistent and unique superiority on the control of community. What is more, it can remarkably raise the utilization ration of fertilizer usage, be good for the cultivation of underground tuber and accelerate the yield form coming into being, with the output up to 186．2 kg/667m, obviously higher than the routine planting mode.3 Impact of insecticide on the arthropod community in the field for Alisma orientalis(Sam.) Juzep.During the development process of Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep., the employment of ?insecticide(chemical pesticide or biological pesticide) can greatly influence the structure of the arthropod community. When 48%Leshiben EC being used in farmland, the richness of species, individual quantity, diversity indices and degree of homogeneity are all much lower than the blank control, while degree of dominance is rather higher. While the biological pesticide 2．5%Spinosad SC, 25%Youlede WP and 99%Lüying OL being used, the diversity indices and degree of homogeneity are much higher than the blank control and the richness of species , individual quantity and degree of dominance are rather lower. So the employment of chemical pesticide, in one hand can have better control effect of pest population, the other hand will seriously damage the constitution of arthropod community, cause into the weak stability, and in the end result in the malignant development of ecological system in the field for Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep.. In contrast, the biological pesticide, while possess the persistent and stable control effect, is compatible to the environment, with high safe coefficient to natural enemies and hard for the increasing rampancy of pest.4 Research on the population of Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae LinneThrough the research on the life table of Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linne major harm generation, indexes of population development of the first, second and third generation were 3．056, 5．262 and 1．184, respectively. However, the main causes for population dynamics of Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linne were predator and weather condition, especially the predator.Through the study of the space pattern and sampling technique, Rhopalosiphum nymphaeaeLinne was found to be aggregately distributed in the field for Alismaorientalis(Sam.)Juzep.. The equation of Taylor power principle was:1gS~2=-0．3571 +2．35781gm(r=0．9837**), and the m-m regression equation of Iwao was m =-36．45167 +3．78285m(r=0．9622**); Along with the sampling mode, the Kuno risk-decision sampling model was T_m=-35．45167/D~2-2．78285 , while the optimum theory sampling model was N=t~2/D~2(-35．45167/m+2．78285) .The functional response of Harmonias axyridis Pallas predating on Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linne old nymphs fitted the model of HollingⅡtype well. The higher of prey density was, the larger of predation number was found and the lower of finding efficiency was observed. The models of functional response of the Harmonias axyridis Pallas to the Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linne were respectively Na=0．682268N/(1+0．008185N) (2nd instar larvae), Na=0．850774N/(1+0．007414N) (3rd instar larvae),Na=0．985902N/(1+0．008908N) ?(4th instar larvae) and Na=0．796622N/(1+0．006778N) (adult) .Though the later-instarlarvae and adult have rather intense predation ability, the seeking effect of 2nd to 4th instar larvae and adult decreased with the density increasing of the quarry.The result of investigation on the field trial for the pesticide efficacy was as follow: 1．5%Gamma-Cyhalothrin CS and 2．5%Spinosad SC had been proved to be high activity to Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae L, suitable for using in production of Alisma orientale (Sam. )Juzep. in the period of the midanaphase when the aphid quantity was larger. 3%Mospilan EC,20%Confidor EC and 25%Actara WG, the three kinds of nicotinamided drug with favorable absorptivity , were suitable for using in mid-prophase in development period of Alisma orientalis(Sam. )Juzep..It indicated that the relationship between quantity of Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linne and yield loss rate can be different due to the various development stages, which underlying in the review on the harm or loss and protection indexes of Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linne. In addition, the relationship between the amount of Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae L and the yield loss rate of the tuber of Alisma orientale (Sam.)Juzep. was investigated, their relations fitted to the linear regression equation: Y =-0．3318 + 0．3978 X( r = 0．993**), for growth prophase ; Y = 0．0412 + 0．2474 X(r = 0．950*), for growth metaphase; Y =-0．0036 + 0．1139 X(r = 0．922*), on growth anaphase, with the corresponding control indices 10-20 garrets per trunk, 20-30 garrets per trunk and 40-60 garrets per trunk, respectively.5 Research on the population of Prodenia Iitura FabriciusThe major harm generation of Prodenia litura Fabricius was found to be the fifth generation, according to the research on the life table of natural population of Prodenia litura Fabricius, with index of population development of 4．73 and total generation livability 0．18%. Among lots of factors, the predators have the biggest control function to Prodenia litura Fabricius, with the control index 1．86, secondly was parasitoids, with control index 1．52．Through the study of the space pattern and sampling technique, Prodenia lituraFabricius was found to be aggregately distributed in the field for Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep.. The equation of Taylor power principle was:1gS=0．36325+1．362821gm (r=0．8744**), and the m-m regression equation of Iwao wasm =-0．53630+2．34340m (r=0．8665**); Along with the sampling mode, the Kuno risk-decisionsampling model was r_n=0．4637/D~2-1．34340/n , while the optimum theory sampling model was When the predation of several predominant natural enemy on Prodenia litura Fabricius being analysed, with the same quarry density, the order of predation number per day was as follow: Pirata subpiraticus> Erigonidium graminicolum (Sundevall), Propylaea japonica Thunberg >Orius agilis, which revealed that Pirata subpiraticus and Propylaea japonica Thunberg have stronger control ability on the 1rd-2nd larvae. Through fitting, all the functional response fitted the model of HollingⅡtype well and the disc equation were Na=1．002601N/(1+0．9840428N) (the female adult Erigonidium graminicolum (Sundevall)), Na=0．941176N/(1+0．028038N)(the female adult Pirata subpiraticus) , Na=0．44238N/(1+0．00375N)(the female worm of Propylaea japonica Thunberg) and Na=0．503119N/(1+0．013498N) (the female adult Orius agilis) , respectively, a / T_h can be a parameter which reflect the control ability of enemy to predation, as for the tested four kinds of natural enemy, the order was: a / T_h of female worm of Propylaea japonica Thunberg> a/T_h of the female adult Pirata subpiraticus> a /T_h of the female adult Orius agilis> a/T_h of the female adult Erigonidium graminicolum (Sundevall).Through the trapping test of Lotus and Alisma orientale(Sam.)Juzep. intercrop by 1:9 area., the results were as follows: under certain condition, the quantity of Prodenia litura Fabricius was obviously smaller than the blank control, while Lotus has trapping effect stronger for Prodenia litura Fabricius, especially Outer Space Lotus 36, which has more persistent trapping effect. So it suggested that during the producing process of medical materials for Alisma orientale(Sam.)Juzep., the quantity of Prodenia litura Fabricius can be reduced through plant trapping, which was a clean, efficient, and with-minimum environmental pollution method of EPM.On the other hand, the field trial of pesticide efficacy shows the two kinds of chemical pesticide 15%Anda SC and 10%Chejin SC or the other two kinds of biological pesticide such as 2．5%Spinosad SC and 20%Miman SC, can both have favorable efficacy, and can be in alternate use. Besides, 99%Lüying OL , a farm-used spray oil, though with slow speed of drug effect, has lower risk on pest resistance and can also be an ideal drug for the comprehensive control of Prodenia litura Fabricius .The critical point of the tuber yield loss was found to be the inoculation of 2 garrets per trunk, through investigation on the harm loss and protection index of Prodenia litura Fabricius. The logarithm function curve relationship can be revealed between the quantity of 3rd instar larvae and tuber yield of Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep., the regression equation was Y=30．4741nX-17．809(r=0．9956**), basing on which the control ?index of later larvae of Prodenia litura Fabricius can be deduced to be 230 garrets per one hundred trunks.6 Establishment of the standard operating procedure of comprehensive control on the pest for Alisma orientalis(Sam. )Juzep.Guided by the enforcement regulation of《The manufacturing and quality management norm of traditional Chinese medicinal materials》, using the conventional cultivation method and management experience being handed down from one generation to another in past dynasties for reference and laying emphasis on the grasped knowledge of plant diseases and insect pests of Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep., the standard operating procedure of comprehensive control on the pest for Alisma orientails(Sam.)Juzep. was established, taken the research achievement obtained in this study as technical support, that was "using the measures such as ecological regulation to fully function the natural enemy as main body in natural control , combing with chemical protection and biological guarding, to control the pest harm below the level allowed by the economy" .7 Validation of the standard operating procedureThe scientific characters of "the standard operating procedure of comprehensive control on the pest for Alisma orientails(Sam.)Juzep. " can be validated by control effect of the comprehensive measures , the yield(low or high) and quality(superior or inferior) of the medicinal materials. The results showed that the standard plant and management technique, with the ridge and saddle-planting measures as main body, was prone for the control of pest population in the field for Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep.. It can promote the due output level of medicinal material, raise and improve its outward appearance and realized the internality of quality, all of which can make it be more consonant with the quality control(QC) required by《Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs》. Form above, it is obvious that "the standard operating procedure of comprehensive control on the pest for Alisma orientalis (Sam.)Juzep. " lay down here is scientific and applicable.