Theory And Practice For Forest Enviromental Service

In the new century,the ecological and environmental problems have been increasingly worsen along with the human socio-economic development,which include global warming, soil erosion,desertification,drought,water shortage,species extinction,and water and air pollution etc.The need of ecological improvement and environmental protection has become human's common demand.Forest is the main terrestrial ecosystem,and plays an important role in environmental services.The efforts made by many countries to satisfy the need for forest environmental services(FES) through ecological restoration and forest coverage increase,is actually the supply and demand of process of FES.Since China's Reform and Opening-up,the supply has continuously increased through measures such as ecological restoration,however,the gap remains huge compared with the social demand for FES.Thus,how to develop FES sector is a research field with practical significance.This dissertation applied the qualitative analysis to the concept,status quo and characteristics of FES sector,based on the analytical framework established with the theories on forest environment value,evaluation,accounting,supply and demand, transaction and industry policy.It showed the necessity to develop FES sector through the supply and demand gap analysis,and examined the feasibility to develop FES industry via the analysis of development,problems and trend of China's FES sector.Through empirical analysis of environmental services in Fengman District of Jilin City and Jiaohe City,Jilin Province,this dissertation offered the feasible approaches to develop FES sector.It also analyzed the status quo of FES in developed countries for advanced experience.Finally, the dissertation also discussed the measures and related policy recommendation to develop FES sector in China.The methodologies used in the research combined qualitative and quantitative analyses,normative and empirical analyses,and systematic and case analyses.Firstly,it defined such core concepts as FES through a qualitative analysis,and applied quantitative and qualitative analyses method comprehensively to exploring significance and feasibility of developing FES sector.Secondly,it combined normative and empirical research approaches.In empirical research,the dissertation concerned quantity of FES used by the society for free and the amount that different stakeholders should pay for the forestry activities.Base on this,the author asserted that current policy models mainly relying on government's inputs cannot eliminate forestry economics' positive externality,and the development of FES sector needed more attention.Thirdly,it combined approaches of systematic analysis and case analysis.The dissertation explored the integration of the various departments and systems at different levels,based on the principle of systematic analysis.Two case studies have been carried out in Jilin province to expand and improve the general conclusions.The main conclusions of the dissertation are listed below:1) the FES sector is an industry which connects the FES suppliers and consumers using economic instruments and specific rules,aiming at promoting services and cultivating forest environmental resources through the form of industrial organization according to specific regulations.The sector's service providers are forestry resource managers or property owners,while the demanders are the public,specific industries or special groups.2) There is great demand for FES sector due to the rapid development of China's social and economic development.It is urgent to develop the FES sector since the current FES supply driven by the government does not meet the real demand.3) Currently,it is feasible to industrialize the FES sector to facilitate individuals or legal persons to become the main suppliers of FES,and supplement the shortage of the government's public finance in FES supply.4) feasible approaches have been offered to develop FES sector via market mechanism,by two case studies in Fengman District of Jilin City and Jiaohe City,Jilin Province,and defined the beneficial areas of FES as national/global,local,and provincial through the assessment and accounting of the value of FES,while the beneficial industry defined as the tourism industry,water conservancy and hydropower,urban water supply,agriculture and fisheries.5) Through the review and analysis of FES sector globally,it suggests that the integration of public finances and market instruments is the trend of FES,and the application of market tools in FES gives good reference to China.And 6) this dissertation provides the strategies and policy recommendations for the development of FES sector in China,in terms of organization form,institutional guarantee,policy and technical support.