Studies On Systematics Of Morus L.

The Morus L., which is the type genus of Moraceae, was established by Linne in 1753. So far the species number and the phylogeny of Morus have been still controversial. In this study, the genus phylogeny of Morus flora was studied based on the evidences of Palynology, Cladistics, Molecular systematics, floristic plant geography and so on, in order to get more scientific classifier systerm of Morus flora. In order to get a more scientific classifier, the phylogeny of Morus flora was studied based on the evidences of Palynology, Cladistics, Molecular systematics, floristic plant geography and so on.(1) In the study of Palynology of Morus, pollen characteristics of 25 taxa (representing 9 species and 1 varieties) (Koidzumi taxonomy system) of Morus from different distributions regions were described by acetic anhydride method, LM and SEM, to observe pollen mophology and surface decoration. The results showed that the pollens of the genus were small, oval-shaped, round in polar view (P/E=1.11～1.26). The pollen size was 20.0(13.5-25.0)×13.5(12.3～22.3)μm. Germination aperture was 1-3 in number, round in shape, N3P3C4 in type. The decorations of outer wall were all granular. The differences of pollen characteristics among the species of Morus were the size, shapes (P/E value), and the surface decoration. According to pollen size, P/E value and the surface ornamentation, the evolutionary order of 9 species and 1 varieties of Morus was as following (from originated to evolved), M.multicaulis Perrott., M. alba L., M. atropurpurea Roxb., M. cathayana Hemsl.., M. macroura Miq., M.notabilis Schneid., M. mizuho Hotta., M.mongolica Schneid. and M.mongolica var. diabolicaKoidz., M. bombycis Koidz., M. australis Poir.. Pollen information basically supports the current Morus classification system based on the style length. Supporting the short-Style inter lobule is primitive type, while supporting long-Style inter lobule is Evolutionary type.(2) In the study of Cladistics of Morus, collect the evolutionary order of 13 species sampled from different distributions, the evolutionary order of 13 species were collected from different regions (the B. papyrifera L'Herit. Ex Vent is outgroup). After shape selecting and polarity coding, work out a cladistic analysis of the data matrix.a cladistic analysis of the data matrix was worked out,Use the methods of Maximum Parsimony (MP), Neighbor Joining (NJ), by PAUP4.0b10 software (Swofford,2002) on PC to analyse. Then the methods of Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Neighbor Joining (NJ) were used to analyze through software PAUP4.0b10 (Swofford,2002).The results showed that Morus was separated into three groups including Longispica, Macromorus and Dolichstylae. The evolutionary order of 13 species of Morus was as following (from originated to evolved), M. nigra L.,M. alba, M. atropurpurea Roxb., M. cathayana Hemsl., M. serrata Roxb., M. notabilis Schneid., M. bombycisKoidz, M. australis.Poir., M. var. yunnanensis Koidz., M. mongolica Schneid., M..mongolica var.diabolica Koidz., M. wittiorum Hand-Mazz, M. macroura Miq. Basic Support Koidzumi classification system. This result is in accordance with Koidzumi classification system.(3) In the study of molecular systematics of Morus, the 73 materials contained 12 species and varieties and 3 out groups collected from different distributions were sequenced directly by amplifying ITS by PCR a total of 73 mulberry genotypes representing 12 species and varieties of the genus Morus and 3 out groups collected from different regions were amplified using ITS primers, and the PCR products were sequenced. Use Sequencher4.1.4 software to splice the sequencing result, Software Sequencher 4.1.4 was used to splice sequencing results. According to GenBank published M.multicaulis (AM042003) 18S rRNA gene 3'end,26S rRNA gene 5'end, 5.8S rDNA gene base sequence, Determine the test range of different materials ITS sequences,use Bioedit software to remove the non-ITS part at the ends. The ranges of ITSs were determined according to the data published on GenBank (AM042003), and then the non-ITS parts were removed by using Bioedit software. Use Clustalxl.83c software (Thompson et al.,1997) to do sequence alignment. Clustalxl.83c was used to do sequence alignment. Then use Modeltest V3.06(Posada D et al,1998)software and PAUP Version4.0b10(Swofford,2002) software to calculate the model of bases replacement, For the GTR+G.based on which use PAUPVersion4.0b10 and mrbayes software to analyze the systematic position and the evolutionary relationship, and use BEAST v1.5.1 software to calculate the age differences of Morus. Modeltest 3.06 (Posada Detal,1998) and PAUP Version4.0b10 (Swofford,2002) were run for all data sets to select a model of sequence evolution. Based on the model, GTR+G, which was selected the last step, PAUPVersion4.0b10 and MRbayes were used to analyze the systematic position and the evolutionary relationship, and BEAST v1.5.1 was used to calculate the divergence times of Morus. The results showed that the cladogram from joined segments of the three DNA sequences was supported by bootstrap values and compatible to differ the species of Morus. The analysis of DNA sequences indicated that Morus is a monophyletic. Its System Location arranges between African Milicia excels(MEU93585) and New Zealand Streblus glaber(DQ 499105). It has the closest relationship with the Milicia and the African Milicia excels(MEU93585). Based on ITS Mrbayes analysis of Morus, genus Morus will be was divided into two broad categories and 4 small categories sub-categories. According to outgroup, Xinjiang M. nigra and North America M.murrayana (FJ605515) are the most primitive. The evolutionary order of Morus was is listed as following (from originated to evolved), Xinjiang M. nigra, North America M.murrayana→M.alba, M. rotundiloba (AM042005), M. mizuho, M.atropurprea, M. australis, M.lhou(AM041999), M. mongolica, M. mongolica var.diabolica, M. indica(AM041997), M. bombycis,M. rubra(FJ605516)→M.cathayana, M. macroura, M. notabilis→Lichuan M.wittorum, Xianfeng M.wittorum. Estimated differences estimating divergences in age was by loose molecular clock. the origin time The divergence time of Morus, African Milicia excels(MEU93585) and New Zealand Streblus glaber(DQ 499105) (height) is 53.67mya, height₉5%_HPD (highest posterior density)=[43.57.63.46 mya]. The differences in age The divergence time of Xinjiang M. nigra and North America M.murrayana (height) is 31.6mya, height₉5%_HPD= [9.81, 53.64mya]. The differences in age The divergence time of Macromorus and M.cathayana class (height) is 31.16mya,height₉5%_HPD= [10.78,52.87 Ma]. The differences in age The divergence time of Macromorus M.alba class and Longispica (height) is 20.92mya, height₉5%_HPD= [2.74,42.29 Ma]. The differentiation evolution divergence events of M.alba, M. rotundiloba (AM042005), M. mizuho, M.atropurprea, M. australis, M.lhou(AM041999), M. mongolica, M. mongolica var.diabolica, M: indica(AM041997), M. bombycis, M. rubra(FJ605516), M.cathayana, M. macroura, M. notabilis and M.wittorum begin to have evolutionary radiation nearly 3mya.(4) In the study of geographic flora of Morus, analyze the specimens in the herbarium of KUN and HGAS, and search relative literature data, in order to make sure the geographic distributions of Morus, and work out the geographic distributions graph. Then analyze the floristic characteristics of Morus based on this. we consulted specimens and relative literature in KUN and HGAS, and determined the geographic distribution of Morus. The results show that there are 26 species of Morus distributed in Asia, America, Africa and Europe has Introduction the planting after, natural wild reproduction去掉.In East Asia, has 16 species,Accounted for 61.5% of Morus;16 species accounted for 61.5% of Morus, have been growing there. In China, there are 14 species, Accounted for 53.8% of Morus.including 11 species in Yunnan,9 in Guizhou and 8 in Sichuan. The flora of Chinese mulberries is abundant in the number of species, native and old in origination, complicated in the compositions. For the large species number, the three provinces of—Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan are the modern centers of Morus.According to geographical elements, Morus can be devided divided as followingâ… Holarctic regionâ… E Europe and Asia forest region, M. nigra L. Chine-Japan forest plants region, M.alba L., M. mongolica Schneid., M. cathayana Hemsl., M. bombycis Koidz., M. australis Poir., M. atropurpurea Roxb., M. yunnanensts Koidz., M. notabilis Schneid., M. trilobata (S.S.Chang) Cao.â… F. China-Himalaya forest region, M. serrata Roxb, M. wallichiana Koidz.â…¡Paleotropical region.â…¡G22 Yunnan, Burma and Thailand region, M. wittiorum Hand.-Mazz., M. macroura Miq..â…¢Neotropical region, M. perubjana Planchon.,M insights Bur,M mcsozygio Stapf.Morus originated in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes region (center of origin), migrating from north to south. Geographical distribution and cold resistance can reflect the phylogenetic relationship of Morus indirectly.According to the studies of palynology, branch taxonomy, molecular systematics, and floristic geography, the author conclude that M. nigra L. is the most primitive species, while Xianfeng M.wittorum is the most envolved species. The evolutionary order of Morus was as following (from originated to evolved), M. nigra, M.murrayana→M.alba, M.multicaulis,M. rotundiloba, M. mizuho, M.atropurprea, M. rubra, M. indica, M. bombycis, M. mongolica, M. mongolica var.diabolica, M. australis,→M.cathayana, M. notabili,M.macroura, M.wittorum. Laurasia high-latitude regions is the origin of the genus Morus, Origin time where the genus Morus originated from 53.67mya ago. As the cold and aridity of the north region, Migration from north to south, Morus migrated from north to south. Now East Asia is the Morus center Center center of Morus genetic diversity. Morus can be geographic distribution, Cold tolerance, Indirectly reflect the phylogenetic relationships. So the geographic distribution and cold tolerance of Morus can reflect the phylogenetic relationship indirectly.