Systematic Study Of Pamphaginae From China (Insecta: Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Pamphagidae)

The Pamphagidae, belonged to Acridoidea, Orthoptera, is a primitiver family in Acridoidea, containing 93 genera and nearly 600 species or subspecies in the world which mainly distribute in mountainous or semi-desert area in Africa, Europe and Asia. There are 13 genera and 48 species or subspecies in the North and North-west of China.In 2004, Otte divided Pamphagidae in the world into 8 subfamilies: Akicerinae Bolivar, I.,1916, Echinotropinae Dirsh,1961, Nocarodesinae Bolivar, I.,1916, Orchaminae Zhang, Yin & Yin, 2003 , Pamphaginae Burmeister, 1840, Porthetinae Bolivar, I., 1916, Prionotropisinae Zhang, Yin & Yin, 2003 and Tropidaucheninae Zhang Yin & Yin, 2003, among them 3 subfamilies were established by Chinese scholars Zhang Dao-chuan etc in 2003. In 1994, Xia Kai-ling etc regarded Sulcotropis Yin & Chou, 1979 as the synonym of Haplotropis Saussure, 1888. At present, there are only 1 genus (Haplotropis Saussure, 1888) and 2 species ( Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure, 1888 and Haplotropis neimongolensis Yin, 1982) of Pamphaginae from China.This thesis studied on the systematics of Pamphaginae from China by the ways of morphology and molecular systematic in order to clarify genera and species of Pamphaginae from China and establish a new taxonomic system of Pamphaginae.The introduction of this thesis introduces briefly the systematics of Orthoptera and Acridoidea; the naming, distribution, evolution, taxonomic status, taxonomic system of Pamphagidae; the taxonomic characteristics of all subfamilies of Pamphagidae from China and summaries the survey of systematics study of Pamphaginae and Pamphagidae from China and the world.In the morphology study of Pamphaginae, above 300 specimens were examined carefully collected from Provinces of Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Shanxi and Jiangsu by morphological method and named 2 new genera and 2 new species: first Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin, 2008 (type species Sinohaplotropis elunchuna Cao et Yin, 2008) is allied to Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure,1888, but"subgenital plate of male triangle, apex bifurcate in dorsal view"; second Pseudohaplotropis gen. n. (type species Pseudohaplotropis culaishanica sp.n.) differs Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure,1888 and Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin, 2008 by median keel of pronotum rised highly and obviously, the height larger than the longitudinal diameter of eyes.The above 2 new genera and 2 new species were verified by molecular systematic study. In this chapter, based on the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA partial sequences of the species of Pamphaginae from Jiagedaqi, Inner Mongolia and Culai Mount, Shandong Province sequenced and of some relative species indexed from GenBank, the homologus sequences were compared, the molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed and the phylogenetic relationships of Pamphaginae in China were investigated. The result of sequences compared shows that the percentage of 0.8 of the divergence of the basic group sequences in Pamphagidae is a kind of divergence in genus level, so the percentage of 1.3 of the divergence of the sequences between Pseudohaplotropis gen. n and Sinohaplotropis shows that the divergence between the two genera arrive at genus level; the percentages 4.6-11.0 and 2.9-10.2 separately of the divergence of the two genera with other 12 genera in Pamphagidae also support the establishing of the two new genera.The distributional map of all genera and species of Pamphaginae from China is drawn and the landscape photographs of all species are also given for showing the diversity and protective coloration.This thesis established a new taxonomic system of Pamphaginae. The kinds of Pamphaginae in China add up to 3 genera and 4 species: Haplotropis Saussure,1888, Sinohaplotropis Cao et Yin, 2008, Pseudohaplotropis gen.n.; Haplotropis brunneriana Saussure, 1888, Haplotropis neimongolensis Yin, 1982 Sinohaplotropis elunchuna Cao et Yin, 2008 and Pseudohaplotropis culaishanica sp.n from 1 genus and 2 spices. The key to genera and species of Pamphaginae from China, the key to subfamilies and genera of Pamphagidae from China and the key to genera of Pamphaginae from Eurasia are given. The descriptions and photographs of all spices (holotype) are also given.This thesis discussed the systematics evolution of Pamphaginae and its cryptic species and subspecies; checked that the original descriptions of Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 are"median keel of pronotum nearly straight or slightly rise, the height not larger than the longitudinal diameter of eyes and not cut by hind transverse sulcus"; held that it is worth counseling that Xia etc.(1994) regarded Sulcotropis Yin & Chou, 1979 as the synonym of Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 according to the mating between both individuals, because they maybe can't inseminate, not hybrid, or the hybrid unreproducible if hybrid present. So, the conclusion can be made sure after must doing some molecular systematic and cytotaxonomy study, even making deep hybridization experiments.