Observation And Study Of High Energy Emissions From Black Holes

The thesis consists of analysis of scientific data and design of the Hard X-rayModulation Telescope (HXMT), aimed to understanding the nature of the black holephysics.In the first part of the thesis, i.e., data analysis and modeling, we study space X-rayradiation from black holes and related objects at multi-scales with observations of spacemissions RXTE/Chandra/CGRO. First of all, we propose a new statistics w for X-raytiming analysis, and apply it to stellar mass black hole binary systems. The w spectrumis very sensitive to detect the timescales of the X-ray shot emission from X-ray bina-reis. Neutron star binaries and black hole binaries are clearly distinguished from theirw spectra; a cutoff about 10?2 s is present in a black hole's w spectrum but absent in aneutron star's w spectrum. The energy dependent analysis of shot cutoff timescales forblack hole binaries, in particular in the case of Cyg X-1 and its spectral state transitions,results in physical constraints of the accretion ?ow including the truncation radius ofthe accretion disk, geometry of the corona, nature of the broad and narrow Fe lines, andthe evolution of these physical processes in connection with spectral state transitions,etc. Secondly, we discovered an X-ray triple-ring structure around the M87 jets in thecentral Virgo Cluster by examining two deep observations from the Chandra observa-tory. Two elliptical rings encircle the M87 jet and counterjet; the third one centers atthe M87 nucleus roughly perpendicular to the jets. This triple-ring structure is remi-niscent of the triple-ring structure around the supernova SN 1987A. In association withthe spectral analysis and the similarity analysis, we suspect the three rings are remnantsof blast waves from M87 due to a merge of two supermassive black holes. Thirdly, tostudy the high energy processes at the scale of the earth's atmosphere, we make tem-poral and spectral analysis of the terrestrial gamma-ray ?ashes, disclosing time lagsof soft gamma-rays and other characteristics, which can be successfully interpreted asatmospheric discharge.Before the second part, we introduce the mathematical basis of HXMT, i.e., the di-rect demodulation technology. Furthermore, we apply the direct demodulation technol-ogy on the image reconstruction of XMM–Newton with an improvement of resolutionabout a factor of 5. The restored XMM images are used for spectral analysis of diffuseX-ray sources.The second part contains the design of HXMT by Monte-Carlo simulations in-cluding space environment simulation, imaging simulation and on-ground calibrationsimulation and design. From space environment simulation, we calculate the in-orbitbackground and optimize the instrument, e.g., the best shielding system to depress thebackground and the logical responses for the veto system. The imaging simulation tellsus the resolution and precision of HXMT in cases of imaging for single source, doublesources and multiple sources under either deep survey or all-sky survey with compar-isons of different collimators. An optimized design for collimators and detectors isobtained from the simulations. The design of the on-ground calibration system is usedto address the most important and difficult problem, i.e., how to calibrate the orienta-tion of the collimator, and from which the requirement for manufacturing precision isthus inferred.