| The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are committed to solving the existing problems from the economic,environmental and social aspects.The protection of water and soil resources is the core of sustainable development,so agriculture is one of the key factors to achieve its goals.In recent years,the shortage of per capita water resources,per capita arable land area is less,the development of large area of paddy field reclamation makes the soil erosion problem is serious,water and soil resources become an important factor restricting the sustainable development of agriculture,so the establishment of a scientific and reasonable evaluation index system of sustainable utilization of water and soil resources is particularly important for agricultural sustainability.Heilongjiang Province is an important commodity grain base in China.As one of the main grain crops,the yield of rice is greatly affected by water and soil resources.Therefore,finding out the current situation of paddy land and water resources in Heilongjiang Province can provide data support for the sustainable utilization of paddy land and water resources in China and realize the sustainable development of agriculture.In this paper,the paddy field in Heilongjiang Province is selected as the research object,and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 1,2,3,6 and 13 are taken as the research objectives.The water footprint,minimum data set and literature frequency analysis method are used to screen the indicators.The driving force-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR)model is used to construct the evaluation index system of sustainable utilization of paddy field water and soil resources from the three dimensions of economy-environment-society.Taking Xingkai Lake Farm as an example to verify,combined with the current situation of farm development,and from the perspective of improving water resources utilization and reducing pollution,the corresponding paddy field water and soil resources protection countermeasures and suggestions are put forward.The results are as follows:(1)Based on the water footprint,from the perspective of time,the green water footprint,blue water footprint,gray water footprint and total water footprint of rice showed a small fluctuation range from 2011 to 2018,and an overall upward trend from 2018 to 2020.From a spatial perspective,from north to south,the water footprint of rice production showed a low-medium-high-low trend.Based on the results of water footprint analysis,precipitation,surface water resources,underground water resources,fertilizer application per unit cultivated land area and rice planting area were selected as evaluation indexes.(2)Taking the paddy soil of Xingkai Lake Farm as the research object,15 soil physical and chemical indexes were collected to form a full data set.Through the minimum data set,9 indexes were selected,including bulk density,topsoil thickness,p H,total nitrogen,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,available manganese and available copper.(3)Through the literature frequency analysis method,the economic and social indicators with a frequency higher than 50%are selected.Among the economic indicators,the frequency of per capita GDP is the highest,which is 85.3%,followed by the total agricultural output value and the proportion of agricultural and forestry expenditure in fiscal expenditure,which are 79.7%and 73.3%respectively,and the remaining economic indicators are less than 50%.Among the social indicators,the selection frequency of yield was the highest(86.7%),followed by effective irrigation area.The selection frequency of nitrogen fertilizer,phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer per unit area was 66.7%.The selection frequency of policy measures,production conditions and pesticide use per mu was more than 50.0%,and the selection frequency of other indicators was less than50.0%.Based on the results of literature frequency analysis,nine evaluation indexes were selected,including per capita GDP,total agricultural output value,proportion of agricultural and forestry affairs expenditure in fiscal expenditure,rice yield,pesticide application amount per unit cultivated land area,effective irrigation area,ownership of water-saving irrigation machinery,use of agricultural diesel oil and agricultural production structure.(4)Using the DPSIR model,26 indicators were selected from 5 levels combined with water footprint,minimum data set and literature frequency analysis results.Driving force indicators(3):total agricultural output value,per capita GDP,population density;pressure indicators(5):water consumption per ten thousand yuan GDP,surface water resources,underground water resources,fertilizer and pesticide application per unit cultivated land area;state indicators(11):bulk density,topsoil thickness,p H,total nitrogen,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,available manganese,available copper,rice planting area,and effective irrigation area of farmland;impact indicators(3):per capita water resources,precipitation,rice yield;response indicators(4):ownership of water-saving irrigation machinery,use of agricultural diesel oil,the proportion of agricultural and forestry affairs expenditure in fiscal expenditure and agricultural production structure.Through the entropy method,the weight of the pressure layer and the state layer is the largest,the weight of the response layer is higher,and the weight of the influence layer is the smallest.Through the TOPSIS method,the sustainability index shows an upward trend from 2011to 2020,and the sustainability status is gradually improving.(5)Taking Xingkai Lake Farm as an example,the comprehensive sustainable index showed an upward trend from 2011 to 2020,and the sustainable index increased from 0.25 to 0.71.The regression coefficient R~2 of the sustainable index of paddy field water and soil resources system in Heilongjiang Province and the rice yield of Xingkai Lake Farm was 0.993,indicating that the evaluation index system of sustainable utilization of paddy field water and soil resources was suitable for evaluating the sustainability of paddy field water and soil resources at farm scale.Combined with the current situation of paddy field water and soil resources in Xingkai Lake Farm,suggestions were put forward from three aspects:implementing straw or organic fertilizer returning,controlling paddy field area and improving farmers’awareness of water saving. |
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