Study On Optimization Of Winter Wheat Special Fertilizer Formula Based On Intelligent Fertilizer Mixing Station

Clarify the formula of winter wheat special fertilizer in Wen County,providing a basis for rational fertilization of winter wheat.Conduct a survey on the fertilization status of winter wheat in Wen County,Henan Province from 2020 to 2022,clarifying the current situation,existing problems,and soil nutrient status of winter wheat fertilization;Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizer application on winter wheat yield,nutrient absorption and utilization,physiological characteristics,and grain quality.The appropriate amount of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium for winter wheat in Wenxian was determined,and the winter wheat specific fertilizer formula was optimized and demonstrated for validation.The main research findings are as follows:1.The survey results of fertilization status indicate that there are problems of excessive fertilization and unreasonable nutrient ratios in both the base and top dressing of winter wheat in Wenxian County.Farmers apply nitrogen fertilizer heavily,while the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applied is low.According to soil nutrient grading standards,the soil organic matter in Wen County is generally at a fourth level(10-20 g·kg-1),belonging to a low level;The content of alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen is generally at a fifth level(30-60 mg·kg-1),belonging to a low level;The available phosphorus content is at the level of Grade III to Grade V(5-20 mg·kg-1),belonging to the medium level;The content of available potassium is at the level of Grade I to Grade II(>150 mg·kg-1),belonging to a high level.2.The yield of winter wheat increased by 3.4% to 8.3% and 15.0% to 28.1% after applying nitrogen for two years.In 2021,the maximum yield of 225 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application was 8480 kg·hm-2,and in 2022,the maximum yield of 150 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application was 9133 kg·hm-2;Applying nitrogen can increase yield of winter wheat by increasing the number of ears and grains per ear.The yield of winter wheat increased by3.8% to 8.5% and 6.5% to 13.4% in two years after applying phosphorus,and the highest yield of P2O5 was 8407 kg·hm-2and 9033 kg·hm-2 in two years after applying P2O5 120kg·hm-2,respectively;Applying phosphorus can increase yield by increasing the number of spikes in winter wheat.The yield of winter wheat increased by 2.84%~7.92% and6.65%~25.28% in two years by applying potassium.In 2021,the highest yield was 8360kg·hm-2 by applying potassium at 135 kg·hm-2,and in 2022,the highest yield was 9410kg·hm-2 by applying K2 O at 90 kg·hm-2;Potassium application can affect the number of spikes,grains per spike,and 1000-grain weight of winter wheat and achieve yield increase.Under the conditions of this experiment,the economic optimal fertilization amounts of N,P2O5,and K2 O for winter wheat are 145 to 175 kg·hm-2,105 to 116 kg·hm-2 and 90 to 97kg·hm-2,respectively.3.Reasonable fertilization rates(N 150 kg·hm-2,P2O5 120 kg·hm-2,K2 O 90 kg· hm-2)can significantly increase the aboveground dry matter weight and nutrient accumulation of winter wheat,promoting rapid accumulation of nutrients and dry matter.Applying N 150kg·hm-2increased the aboveground dry matter weight by 26.47% and 25.91% during the mature stage,and the nitrogen accumulation increased by 21.89% and 23.71%;The application of P2O5 120 kg·hm-2 increased the aboveground dry matter weight by 23.87%and 24.12% during the mature stage,and the phosphorus accumulation increased by 28.62%and 32.81%;The application of K2 O 90 kg· hm-2 increased the aboveground dry matter weight by 21.14% and 31.78% during the mature stage,and the potassium accumulation increased by 13.95% and 17.13%.4.The grain bulk density of winter wheat gradually decreases with nitrogen application,while the protein and wet gluten content increases,with the highest nitrogen application of225 kg·hm-2;The protein content increased by 6.96% to 17.85%,4.21% to 23.01%,and the wet gluten content increased by 1.27% to 7.43%,9.18% to 15.31%.The grain bulk density and wet gluten content of winter wheat increased with phosphorus application;The protein content first increased and then decreased,with the highest application of P2O5 at 120 kg · hm-2;The protein content increased by 5.56%~11.85%,8.20%~12.50%,and the wet gluten content increased by 0.94%~7.04%,2.27%~10.57%.The wet gluten content of winter wheat grains increased first and then decreased when potassium was applied,with K2 O 90 kg · hm-2 being the highest;The wet gluten content increased by 4.97% to 8.66%and 5.11% to 12.46%.The grain quality of winter wheat is better when N 225 kg·hm-2,P2O5120 kg·hm-2,and K2 O 90 kg·hm-2 are applied.5.Considering the comprehensive yield,quality,and economic benefits,the suitable dosage of N,P2O5,and K2 O in Wen County is about 150 kg·hm-2,120 kg·hm-2,and 90kg·hm-2,respectively.Based on the current fertilization status and soil nutrient status of local farmers in Wen County,combined with the results of the nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizer effects experiment on winter wheat mentioned above,the optimized formula for wheat specific fertilizer is 20-16-12(common urea: controlled loss urea=1:1).It is recommended to apply 750 kg·hm-2 of one-time basal fertilizer,which significantly increases the yield by 7.70% compared to farmers’ habits(25-13-7),increases the aboveground biomass by 14.96% at maturity,and increases the accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium nutrients by 14.46%,19.43%,and 14.14%,respectively,The grain protein and wet gluten content increased by 5.07% and 5.60% respectively,and the net benefit increased by 6.76%.To sum up,the optimized formula for wheat specific fertilizer is 20-16-12.The 1:1mixture of ordinary urea and controlled loss urea is conducive to nitrogen absorption and utilization.The fertilization amount is 750 kg·hm-2,which has high yield,good economic benefits and quality,and can be popularized and used in Wenxian County.