Effect Of Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy On Tooth Development And Mineralization And Caries Susceptibility In Offspring Rats

Background:Caries in deciduous teeth is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood,and its occurrence and development is the result of multi-factors.The early development of deciduous teeth is considered to be an important risk factor for caries.The development of deciduous teeth begins during the mother’s gestation period and ends when all deciduous teeth erupt at the age of two and a half.Maternal nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin A,D and K,and calcium deficiency during pregnancy can adversely affect the development and mineralization of offspring teeth.Studies have found that maternal iron deficiency anemia is an important factor leading to early iron deficiency of infant,and offspring with iron deficiency anemia than offspring without iron deficiency anemia have a higher risk suffering deciduous tooth caries.Objective:In order to further study the relation between iron and tooth development and dental decay mechanism,we designed this experiment to find the effect of iron deficiency during pregnancy on tooh development and dental decay of offspring,providing the new guidance for clinical treatment and prevention of caries in deciduous teeth.Methods:Thirty-six female SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,with respectively fed low iron(12 ppm),normal-iron(45 ppm),high-iron(360 ppm)fodder for three months.Three rats were randomly selected from IDA,NG and HG groups each month.Blood was collected from eyeball angular vein of the rats,and the hemoglobin(HGB)and serum ferritin(SF)were measured to determine whether the modeling was successful.Three rats from each cage take were selected and executed randomly after two months,utilizing its incisor for microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry determination of iron.The female rats of three group were mated with healthy male rats,and the birth date of offspring was recorded.Low iron,normal iron and high iron diets were fed until the end of lactation period.At about 20 days of lactation,blood was collected from the vein of the inner canthal of rats in each group,and the contents of hemoglobin(HGB),serum ferritin(SF)and trace element iron in blood were measured.Three offspring rats in each cage were randomly selected and killed,and their incisors were taken for microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine iron.At the end of lactation,the offspring rats of low iron,normal and high iron were randomly divided into two groups:A set of low iron offspring,normal offspring and high iron offspring of rats was fed with low iron,normal,high-iron fodder.The rat eyeball angular vein blood was taken to measure the hemoglobin(HGB),serum ferritin(SF)and trace elements of iron content in the blood after two months.We take microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine iron of three groups of rat incisor.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to observe the histopathological characteristics of salivary glands;The offspring of the other group of rats were fed with normal caries diet until two months after birth.The molars were taken for Keyes dental caries score,and the difference of caries was observed under scanning electron microscope.Results:Test results of HGB and SF were showed monthly:IDA<NG<HG,with the difference statistically significant(P<0.05),which proved that the model of IDA and HG was successfully established.The incisors in the IDA group showed chalky color,while the rats in the normal and high iron groups showed darker rust color,and the rust color in the high iron group was darker than that in the normal group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Blood samples were taken to measure HGB,SF and trace element iron content in blood of low iron offspring,normal iron offspring and high iron offspring.The HGB and trace element iron content in blood of low iron offspring were significantly lower than those of normal and high iron offspring,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05),HGB and trace element iron in blood of normal progeny were lower than those of high iron progeny,but there no statistically significant difference between them(P>0.05).Low iron progeny(SF)<Normal progeny(SF)<High iron progeny(SF).There were significant differences among the three groups(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the color of incisors in the lactation period,and no significant difference in the content of trace elements of iron in incisors among the three groups(P>0.05).Low iron offspring,normal offspring and high iron offspring was respectively fed with low iron,normal iron,high iron fodder to 2 months after birth,finding that rat incisor color of the offspring was obvious difference.Low iron offspring group showed the chalky incisor with normal,high iron group rat deeper rust color.Low iron offspring in the incisor microelement iron is less than the normal and high-iron offspring,and differences had obvious statistical significance(P<0.05).The trace element iron in incisors of normal offspring group was less than that of high iron offspring group,but the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).There were significant differences in HGB,SF and trace element iron in the blood of the three groups of offspring fed with different diets.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The results of HE staining of salivary glands in the three groups of rats showed no significant difference.In the other half of the offspring fed caries diet,the Keyes dental caries score of the molar of low iron the offspring was significantly higher than that of the normal offspring and the offspring fed high iron,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)showed that the caries of ofspring with low iron were signfficantly higher than those of normal and high iron content offspring,there was no significant difference in caries between normal and high-iron offspring.Conclussion:The offspring of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy are more prone to iron deficiency anemia and dental caries,but the effect of iron deficiency of maternal on the development of tooth mineralization has not been found,which needs to be verified by later cell experiments.