Dietary Polyphenols Intake And Temporal Trends In Chinese Adults

Objective: Polyphenols are of great significance for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases,and the accurate assessment of dietary polyphenols intake and temporal trends in Chinese adults is the basis for exploring the relationship between polyphenols and chronic non-communicable diseases.So far,however,there have been no similar studies.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to assess the dietary polyphenols intake and temporal trends in Chinese adults,so as to provide the necessary basic data for the subsequent studies on the health effects of polyphenols.Methods: In this study,a probabilistic estimation based on Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the dietary polyphenols intake and temporal trends in Chinese adults by employing the dietary data from the CHNS in 1997,2000,2004,2006,2009 and 2011.The main sources of polyphenols dietary intake were identified and the differences in dietary polyphenols intake among different populations were compared.Results:1.From 1997 to 2011,a decreased tendency was observed in the daily intake of energy and cereals and crisps in Chinese adults.Although an upward trend was observed in the daily intake of fruit,it was still far below the dietary guidelines for Chinese adults.2.From 1997 to 2011,the daily intake of total polyphenols,flavonoids and phenolic acids of Chinese adults was 336-400,179-222 and 71-90 mg/d,which was far lower than that in the United Kingdom,non-Mediterranean,Mediterranean,Japan,Brazil,the United States and Korea.3.The contribution of non-alcoholic beverages to total polyphenols,flavonoids and phenolic acids was 47%-55%,58%-73% and 42%-48%,respectively,and the contribution of cereals and crisps to total polyphenols,flavonoids and phenolic acids was 25%-28%,9%-11% and 36%-48%,respectively.4.From 2000 to 2009,daily intake of total polyphenols of Chinese adults increased year by year,but decreased in 2011.From 2000 to 2006,the total flavonoids intake increased year by year,but decreased in 2009 and 2011.5.The polyphenols intake in men was much higher than that in women,in urban residents were much higher than that in rural residents,in northern residents were higher than that in southern residents,and the population with middle or higher education was much higher than that with low-education group.Conclusions:1.For the first time,the probability evaluation method based on Monte Carlo simulation was used in this study to consider the uncertainty and variability of parameters and assess the dietary polyphenol intake and its temporal tendency of Chinese adults,providing necessary basic data for the follow-up study of the relationship between the intake of polyphenols and chronic diseases in Chinese adults.2.The polyphenols intake of Chinese adults is lower than that of residents in other countries,which is mainly related to the low coffee intake of Chinese adults.Tea is the most important source of polyphenols intake for Chinese adults.Women,rural residents and low-education group ingest less polyphenols mainly due to the low intake of tea.3.In 2011,the intake of polyphenols in Chinese adults decreased compared with that in 2009,which was related to that the intake of polyphenols in cereals and crisps decreased year by year during 1997-2011,the intake of total polyphenols and flavonoids in vegetables decreased year by year during 2004-2011,and the intake of polyphenols in fruits in 2011 decreased compared with that in 2006.4.Increasing the intake of coffee,tea and fruits can increase the intake of polyphenols of Chinese adults.