Research On The Effects Of Graphene Oxide On Erythrocyte Morphology And Function

Since graphene was discovered in 2004,it has become a Foci of interest in research.Its derivative graphene oxide has a lot commons with it,such as:closeness of two-dimensional scale and cell size,large specific surface area,strong adsorption capacity,and low cost.Moreover,due to the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface,its water solubility is better and easy to use in biological applications.In biological applications,graphene oxide has achieved excellent results in drug delivery,tumor imaging,photothermotherapy and biosensors.The application of nanomaterials in organisms not only needs to consider its functional characteristics,but also the biocompatibility.In this article,blood cells are the main research object.From the perspective of hemolysis,brittleness,morphology,membrane protein function of blood cells,experimental and molecular dynamic simulations are used to evaluate erythrocyte compatibility with graphene oxide.In this article,the experiment is divided into the following four parts:1.Red blood cell compatibility of graphene oxide.In this section,through red blood cell hemolysis test and erythrocyte fragility test,we found that the two different graphene oxide graphene oxide did not significantly hemolyze red blood cells(haemolysis rate below 5%)at concentrations below 100 ?g/mL.Graphene oxide with a concentration of 20 ?g/mL or more was more aggregation after incubation with red blood cells,and the hemolysis rate of red blood cells decreased.On the other hand,we found through erythrocyte brittleness test that graphene oxide makes red blood cells less able to respond to osmotic pressure changes.2.The effect of graphene oxide on the morphology of red blood cells.The morphology of red blood cells is an important attribute for maintaining red blood cell function.We found that graphene oxide does not cause changes in the morphology of red blood cells.Further using of red cell mutagens has shown that graphene oxide does not promote red blood cell deformation,nor does it protect the red blood cells from deformation.3.Effects of graphene oxide on erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity.Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase is an important functional protein on the erythrocyte membrane.In the reserch,it was found that the free graphene oxide makes the substrate more stable.After binding with red blood cells,graphene oxide attaches to the cell surface,so that the erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity increases,and the decomposition of the substrate becomes more.Dispersion of graphene with BSA had no effect on erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity.After 24 h of incubation with graphene oxide,the activity of RBC acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes decreased,and long-term effects of graphene oxide and red blood cells may affect the function of erythrocyte protein levels.4.Molecular dynamics simulation analyze to the effect of graphene oxide on acetylcholinesterase.We found through molecular dynamics simulations that graphene oxide attaches to the surface of acetylcholinesterase but does not bind to the active site of the protein.Analysis of the hydrogen bond and the stability of the structure of acetylcholinesterase revealed that graphene oxide does not form hydrogen bonds with the amino acids of the acetylcholinesterase active site,and has no significant effect on the stability of the protein;the oxygen content is 20%.Graphene oxide increases the solvent accessible surface area of acetylcholinesterase.Graphene oxide can be adsorbed on acetylcholinesterase without affecting the active site of acetylcholinesterase,and graphene oxide may affect the localized concentration of thioacetylcholine or the speed of carboxylic acid leaving after decomposition.The decomposition rate of the substrate becomes faster.We also found that graphene oxide has a certain influence on the secondary structure of amino acids at the active site.