Studies On Salvia From Sichuan And Chongqing Based On Resources Investigation, Cytology And Inorganic Elements

The genus Salvia L.(tribe Salvieae,Lamiaceae),the largest member of the family Lamiaceae,includes approximately 1050 species distributed in tropical and temperate areas of both old and new world:coastal Mediterranean,central Asia,highlands of Mexico and Andes mountains in South America.There are 78 species,24 variations,8 forms in China,distributing in most areas especially the southwest regions.Among the 110 accessions of Salvia in China,36 accessions(including variations and forms) have the medical value.These accessions have a wide range of physiological activity and the modern pharmacological experiments confirmed that these accessions can expand coronary artery,increase coronary blood flow,improve microcirculation,protect the heart,inhibit platelet aggregation and improve the ability of the body hypoxia.Meanwhile,they have the activity of anti-hepatitis,anti-parasitic and anti-tumor and anti-virus.Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.(Dan Shen) with the effective treatment of coronary disease,heart angina and menoxenia appetite,has been embodied by "Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China".Salvia L.has plentiful germplasm resources in Sichuan and Chongqing.However,the species,distributions and medicinal uses in Sichuan and Chongqing have not yet been studied in detail.We studied the species,distribution and medicinal uses basing on field investigation and specimens consultation.Chromosome counts can promote our understanding of phylogenetic relationships at different taxonomic levels.The main aim of this research is to confirm the chromosome number,basic chromosome number of 12 accessions of Salvia from Sichuan and Chongqing.Inorganic elements are related to our healthy closely,meantime,the cluster analysis could be used to study the relationship of plants.So in recent years the research of inorganic elements in Chinese traditional medicines has attracted much more attention.In this study,the concentration of inorganic elements in 21 accessions of Salvia were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, including Cu,Zn,Fe,Mg,Ca,Cr,Pb,Mo,Mn,and Cd.The concentration of 10 inorganic elements in 21 accessions were analyzed with principal components analysis and cluster analysis.The main results are shown as follows:1.Sichuan and Chongqing have diversiform and abundant Salvia species.There are 51 accessions(38 species,I0 variations and 3 forms),and they are belong to subgenus Salvia,Sclarea,Jungia and Allagospadonopsis.3 species(S.digitaloides,S.scapiformis and S.hylocharis) are newly recorded in Sichuan and Chongqing.Among the 51 accessions,24 accessions(including variations and forms) have the medical value,with the effective treatment of headache,rheumatism,rheum,cold,tire and menoxenia et al.2.This study reported chromosome number of 12 accessions of Salvia in Sichuan and Chongqing.Most species present 2n=2x=16.However,three species(S.evansiana,S. przewalskii and S.brevilabra) are tetraploid with the chromosome number of 2n=4x=32.B chromosome was observed in S.tricuspis for the first time.The basic chromosome number x=8 was inferred for all species studied,which was different from x=6,7,9,10,11,12,13, 16,32 reported for species of the genus distributed in other regions.The chromosome number of all species was determined for the first time,except S.evansiana,S.przewalskii, S.flava and S.miltiorrhiza.The chromosome in this genus are mostly small (0.46～2.94μm).The small size of chromosomes,together with their unclear centromeres, has hampered a detailed karyotype analysis.3.The concentration of ten kinds of inorganic elements in 21 accessions of Salvia in Sichuan and Chongqing were tested by atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS).The results showed that:Ca,Mg and Fe were massive elements,and S.przewalskii has the highest concentration in Ca,own 31.04mg·g-1;S.miltiorrhiza from Zhejiang province has the highest concentration in Mg,own 10.73mg·g-1;S.cavaleriei has the highest concentration in Fe,own 2.736 mg·g-1.Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo and Cr were the essential element for human, the concentration of Mn,Cu,Zn and Cr were the highest in S.cavaleriei,namely, 252.8μg·g-1,40.46μg·g-1,193.1μg·g-1 and 0.5986μg·g-1;the concentration of Mo was the highest in S.miltiorrhiza from Zhejiang province(1.447μg·g-1).Pb and Cd were the harmful element,and the concentration of Pb and Cd were the highest in S.cavaleriei, namely,6.2331μg·g-1 and 0,5646μg·g-1.The principal components analysis of SPSS was applied to study the characteristic elements in Salvia.Three principal components which accounted for 79.3%of total variance were extracted from the original data.The first factor accounted for 49.6%of the total variance,which means that Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn,Ca,Pb and Cr are the characteristic elements in Salvia.The results of cluster analysis show that the samples could be clustered reasonably into two groups.The S.miltiorrhiza which come from different regions except S.miltiorrhiza in Zhejiang and S.miltiorrhiza f.alba were classified into one group.In addition,the other Salvia species were classified into another group except S.cavaleriei.The S.miltiorrhiza and other Salvia species can be distinguished in this way and the accuracy of classification is 90%.The cluster analysis based on the concentration of inorganic element in Salvia is a quick,accurate and simple method for authenticating of Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza.