Experimental Studies On The Urgent Care And Monitoring For Sea-snake Bites By Using Antivenin Of Hydrophis Cyanocinctus

Sea snake bites should be considered a medical emergency. They are the most severe marine injuries in southeast foreland of China. The venom is extremely toxic on the neural and musculoskeletal system. Victims mostly died from respiratory arrest that is secondary to neurotoxicity. Significant envenomation occurs in about 20% of bites, within which 50% results in death. It is generally accepted that antivenin administration is the most effective way against venomous snakebites.Objective: (1) To identify the effects of antivenin on sea-snake bites victims with different administration time, and (2) To screen out sensitive variables when caring and monitoring for sea-snake bites by using antivenin of Hydrophis CyanocinctusMethods: 40 rabbits poisoned as sea-snake bites were randomly sent to five groups. Group 1 is the poisoning group without any therapy. Rabbits of group 2, group 3 and group 4 are administered enough antivenin at 0.5h, 2h and 4h after poisoning respectively. Rabbits of group 5 are applied artificial ventilation at 2.5h after poisoning, and then administered antivenin at 4h. Parameters included physiological and biochemical indicators are measured at normal (before poisoning), 0.5h, 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h and 10h after poisoning.Results: (1) For the 40 poisoned rabbits, significant changes, including physiological and biochemical changes, were found as soon as injured. Electrocardiogram indicated hyperkaliamia at 3⁶h after poisoning. Pathology test presented different damage in myocardium, skeletal muscle, kidney and liver, obviously damaged in skeletal muscle. (2) In group 2 and 3, after early administration (at 0.5h and 2h after poisoning) of antivenin, the values of Heart rate (HR), Mean arterial pressure (MAP), Respiratory rate (RR), Respiratory intensity (RI), Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) and Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SaO₂) grew higher than the values of rabbits in group 1, which were without any therapy. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Creatine kinase (CK), Urea (Ur), Creatinine (Cr), Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), Potassium ion concentration (K+) became much lower than those in group 1. All animals in group 2 and 3 survived at 24h after poisoning. Pathology test indicates that damage in myocardium, skeletal muscle, kidney and liver palliated. In group 4, after later administration (at 4h after poisoning), the values of HR, MAP, RR, RI, PaO₂, PaCO₂, PH, SaO₂ were not statistically changed. (p>0.05). The values of ALT, LDH, CK, Ur, Cr and K+ were lower than those in group 1. Electrocardiogram indicates hyperkaliamia. In this group, three rabbits died at 10h after poisoning and another five died within 24h. (3) Rabbits in group 5 were applied...