| BackgroundUnhealthy obesity is associated with several chronic conditions,such as diabetes,hypertension,and cardiovascular diseases.Obesity has become a global health issue.And obesity rates among the children are increasing frighteningly worldwide.In recent years,the role of the early-life environment in determining later disease risk has been the focus of human studies worldwide.With the development of genome-wide association analysis(GWAS),researchers have found an increasing number of single nucleic acid polymorphism(SNP)sites associated with obesity.The first aim of this study was to investigate whether the tempo of weight gain during infancy(from birth up to two years of age)or childhood(between two and five years old)was associated with determinants of cardiovascular disease.We also assessed which period of growth is more associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in pre-school years.The second aim of this study was to investigate whether genetic variants are associated with obesity or metabolic indicators in younger children.MethodsPart one: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Tianjin.In total,12020 children aged six years participated in this survey.We obtained data on body weight,height,blood pressure(BP),and serum levels of total cholesterol,triglycerides,and glucose,as well as anthropometry at birth and at age 2.Rapid growth was defined as an SD of more than 0.67 of Body mass index(BMI)gain,and slow growth was defined as an SD of less than a-0.67 of BMI gain.Part two: Children whose mothers had Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)during pregnancy or children whose mothers did not have GDM,were collected from the clinic.We obtained data on body weight,height,blood pressure,and serum levels of total cholesterol,triglycerides,high density lipoprotein,low density lipoprotein,and fasting plasma glucose,as well as anthropometry at birth.Results Part one: BMI increases from birth to late infancy,after peaking at 1 year of age,the BMI then normally declines and then rising at 6 year of age.Among the total study population,the prevalence of overweight and obesity at six years old was 25.4% and 15.8%,respectively.The prevalence of obesity was 50.3% among children with rapid growth during childhood and 78.7% among children with rapid growth during infancy and childhood.Children with rapid growth during childhood had a higher OR of childhood overweight(OR: 8.038 [95% CI: 7.156-9.029]),higher systolic BP(OR: 1.726 [95% CI: 1.466-2.032]),higher diastolic BP(OR: 1.597 [95% CI: 1.368-1.864]),and higher triglycerides(OR: 2.195 [95% CI: 1.615-2.191]).Part two: The mean levels of BMI,body fat content,waist circumference,systolic blood pressure,fasting glucose,high density lipoprotein,and triglyceride,were significantly different between children in the GDM and non-GDM groups.The subjects with the rs1558902(TA),rs516636(CA/AA),or rs6545814(GG)genotype had a greater BMI than those with the rs1558902(TT/AA),rs516636(CC),or rs6545814(AA/AG)genotype.We found that rs1558902(TA/AA),rs2331841(AA),rs2535633(CC/CG),and rs516636(CA/AA)were associated with blood glucose or lipid.And rs516636(CA)genotype was found to be associated with a rapid increase in BMI in early childhood.Conclusions 1.BMI increases from birth to late infancy,after peaking at 1 year of age,the BMI then normally declines and then rising at 6 year of age.2.Rapid growth in early childhood is associated with risk factors for both cardiovascular outcomes and metabolic outcomes among preschool children.3.Developing effective prevention and intervention programs for pre-school children might be important to reduce incidence of long-term metabolic and cardiovascular disease as adults.4.The results of this study support that some SNPs are associated with increased BMI or metabolism of blood glucose and lipids in early childhood.5.Comprehensive intervention of gene analysis and living environment intervention to prevent the occurrence of childhood obesity. |
PDF Full Text Request