Research On Building Supervision Mechanism On Ethics And Discipline For Large-scale Sports Events In China

It is the responsibility of the sports governing body to strengthen ethics and discipline in large-scale sports events in China, which is an indispensable part of improving the work style and good governance within the sports circle. It is an important issue that concerns multiple values and functions, as well as sustainable development of sports. It is even vital for China to process from a major sports country to a world sports power. Since the founding of new China, our competitive sports has enjoyed remarkable achievements by taking advantage of the Whole-Nation System, through which vast resources were mobilized and utilized. At the same time, we should also be clearly aware of problems existing in the competitive sports that happen very often, mainly in large-scale sports events, such as false age and eligibility, match-fixing, arena fighting, back-room deal, illegal gambling, “black whistle”, doping issue, etc. This severe situation and repeated problems are closely associated with the unsound supervision mechanism, flawed system and weak measures. Cases involving football match-fixing crimes and cases of Xiao Tian,Pan Zhichen, Shen Lihong, Yu Li and Han Shiying, Song Jixin, Zhang Xiong show that the achievements view of “putting gold medal first” jeopardizes fair play and sportsmanship. To seek personal gains like money, fame and title, some sports officials and staff, even including senior administrators, ignore the principles of “placing sports at the service of the general public” and public nature of sport. Their bad behaviors severely damage the credibility of sports and tarnish sports image.To date, there is no academic thesis at home and abroad concerning supervision mechanism on ethics and discipline for large-scale sports events. These studies lags far behind the practice. By using methods of literature material, questionnaire and interview, data statistics, etc., this thesis conducts a preliminary research on the basic theory of supervision mechanism and puts forward some good suggestions, which is conducive for Chinese sports administrative organs to improving organization and management policies on large-scale sports events.The main conclusions of this thesis are as follows:(1)Modern sports events in China derived from introduction of western sports in China after the Opium War in 1840. With sports competition as the core, large-scale sports events, as collective activities, have important effects on economy, society, environment and people’s livelihood. Featuring high level, large scale and wide influence, these events take a certain period of time to prepare, consisting of four types: i) national single sport competition, such as CBA, China Table Tennis Club Super League; ii) national multi-sports games, such as the National Games, the National University Games; iii) international single sport competition, such as the FIFA World Cup, World Swimming Championships; iv) international multi-sports games, such as the Asian Games and Olympic Games. With the establishment of the socialist market economy system, large-scale sports events turn out to be special public products with private goods features, which can be regarded as quasi-public product with characteristics of the crowdedness, non-exclusiveness, non-equivalence and positive externalities. In practice, the supply bodies of large-scale sports events mainly include government departments, sports associations, companies and clubs, and non-profit organizations. Currently, there are following problems existing in the sports management and events: one body performs multiple roles of government department, public institution, association and company; sports resources such as funding, sports venues and sports lottery fund are monopolied by sports department and its affiliated units; the power are mainly centralized, such as selection of athletes, coaches and referees, awarding technical grade, developing and controlling venue and facilities standard and marketing of intangible assets. With the development of sports events, ethical and disciplinary supervision is gradually improved and perfected. The supervision includes competition rules execution, discipline implementation, sports dispute settlement and anti-doping rules, etc. by using administrative, legal, economic and educational methods. Supervision targets are athletes, coaches, referees, and management personnel.(2)The "entrust-agent" mechanism in the modern contract theory may lead to problems in the actual operation. The incentive and constraint mechanism should be improved against agents deviating from the purpose, which explains the necessity of the supervision mechanism. From the perspective of organization and control function, Management Theory expounds the large-scale sports events need to set standards, supervision and evaluation, etc. The Separation of Powers Theory highlights the need for effective division and mutual restrict and makes power under effective supervision. The purposes in supervision of Ethics and discipline are maintaining fair competition, correctting irregularities and curbing sports corruption problems, etc. Their main bodies are including parties, authorities(including sports management department), the judicial organs and social organizations, news media, etc. Supervision objects are the rights of sports events, which include qualification accreditation, events selection, participation, dispute arbitration, marketing rights and interests teilhaberechte, with the right to organize and manage as in the core. Supervised bodies are sports management departments, training units, sports organizations and communities or clubs. Supervision ways have external supervisions such as party supervision, state organ supervision, media supervision, and also internal supervisions such as top-down supervision, down-top supervision, administrative reconsideration and review. The weakening of supervision in ethics and discipline is closely related to moral failing, cognitive limitation, and right deficiency.(3)According to the survey, ethics and discipline problems in large-scale sports events mainly include: false age or eligibility, the referee injustice, bribery, match-fixing, illegal gambling, doping, etc. Such problems seriously influence running order, tarnish sports image, corrupt social environment. The reasons include unsound sports regulations, unperfect supervision mechanism, huge benefit temptation, special interests fixing, low moral quality, etc. Respondents put forward some proposals such as laying down sports legal system, perfecting supervision mechanism, intensifying punishment, deepening reform of the sports events, and strengthening support policy. Events of speed, strength and endurance mainly have problems of doping, false age or eligibility. Events of beauty and difficulty mainly have problems of referee injustice, bribery, false age. Events of accuracy and preciseness mainly have problems of consumption by public funds and bribery. Events beside net mainly have problems of false age and bribery. Events of competing in same court mainly have problems of match-fixing, illegal gambling and referee injustice. Events of fighting mainly have problems referee injustice, match-fixing and doping. The survey also shows that ethics and discipline problems have more possibility to happen before or during sports events. Those problems happen usually after sports events in order to get competitive advantage later and to solidify interest-cooperation mode. Consumption by public fund, bribery, match-fixing may be likely to occur in sports management department, management units and host body. Their risks are closely related to the rights in sports events. Sports management and competition organization personnel, referees, arbitrators are the high risk group.(4)Building supervision mechanism model in large-scale sports events should adhere to fundamental management, systematic governance and regulation guarantee in accordance with the requirements of the "four comprehensive” strategic layout. The main task of the mode is to clean sports political ecology. This thesis tries to study basic theory on supervision mechanism, fundamental principles and main goals, and to outline the initiatory model of supervision mechanism. The initiatory model has seven elements, four of which are basic elements such as subject, object, subjective aspect, objective aspect, three of which are supporting elements such as liability basis, rule of law and fundamental management. This thesis puts forward good suggestions for supervision mechanism model for problems found in the questionnaires and interviews, especially in following six key points: The first is to strengthen legislation, for example, Supervision regulations of ethics and discipline in large-scale sports events,Penalty regulations of ethics and discipline violations, Prevent-interest-conflict regulations of sports management personnel. The second is to construct credit system in sports area and to set up a blacklist. The third is to establish identity information sharing and linkage mechanism with public security departments,and to strengthen the bone age detection, and to set up supervision telephone and APP. The fourth is to make refree professional cultivating professional honor, and refres’ salary should be improved while their responsibilities be strengthened and pursued. The fifth is to improve doping inspection and testing to ensure full coverage of key athletes and zero tolerance of punishment. The sixth is to build sports arbitration, and to perfect right relief ways safeguarding sports legitimate rights.