| At present, China’s economy is in the critical period of change towards steady growth. Although the economic development has made remarkable achievements, its further development is still facing some problems to be solved, such as resources and environmental constraints are increasingly grim, economic growth depends mainly on factor inputs, technological progress contribution ratio is relatively low, and high dependence on foreign science and technology. Based on the pressure of reality and long-term thinking, China began to build the national innovation system(NIS) gradually. Looking back the nearly half-a-century building of NIS,1978 is the starting year of China’s building of the NIS. In 1999, Comrade Jiang Zemin made the building of the NIS a national strategy. In 2006, China put forward the strategic goal of enhancing the capability of independent innovation and the building of an innovative country. In 2010, President Hu Jintao stressed the importance of science and technology and the capability of independent innovation, he pointed out that relying on scientific and technological strength is the essence and greatly improving the capability of independent innovation is the key during the process of building an innovative country.In the era of globalization, in order to make the building an innovative country faster and better, China must keep the whole world in view, master the new international developments, study the international experience. America has achieved remarkable success in the development of open innovation model, and European countries actively strengthen the cooperation, China should learn the experience of designing the international standards and creating innovative institutional environment from the European countries. However, looking at the economic development process, Japan, as a catch-up country, has a more similar background with China’s development. Plus Japan has accumulated rich experiences and lessons during its development process from "big country of technological innovator" to " innovation lag " and then to " innovative power accumulating". So it has great referential significance to study the Japanese experience in its process of building the NIS systematically for China now is still in its plight of lacking basic study, more imitating and tracking, less original innovative breakthroughs in key areas, and trying to achieve economic leaps in its development. It can provide a blueprint and reference for China’s construction of an innovative countryWithin the theory framework of innovation economics and evolutionary economics, this thesis conducts the study methods of the combination of normative analysis and empirical analysis, the combination of logical reasoning and deduction, comparative institutional analysis, historical analysis, and case studies, the objects of study involves the historical evolution process during the building of Japan’s NIS, the international and domestic background, the architect of institutional innovation--the government, the source of knowledge innovation--universities, the technological innovation body--enterprises, and the NIS core:industry-university alliance and industry-university-government alliance and so on. The study covers the characteristics, development status, effectiveness, inadequacies and operating mechanism of Japan’s NIS.Five main study conclusions of this thesis are as follows:(1) After World War Two, Japan experienced the process of technological upgrading, technology introduction, reverse engineering and imitating innovation. Then Japan gave "Technical State" high priority as a national strategy, In recent years, Japan upgraded its national strategy from "Technical State" to "Technology and Innovation State".(2) The main innovation bodies in Japan’s NIS have played their respective roles. The role of the government of Japan is mainly manifested in the increasing reinforcement of the Scientific and Technological Promotion Institution and Technology Basic Plan Review Mechanism, improving the intellectual property and R&D institutions, establishing the legal system of science and technology and thus providing the institutional basis for NIS. The role of the universities is mainly manifested in the increasing strengthing of innovation talents training and improving the R&D capabilities. The role of the enterprises is mainly manifested in the TRINITY of R&D, production and technology introduction. In addition, the enterprises have the tacit knowledge, build the organizational capacity of competition, the internal and external linkage of constant innovation, JIT and TQC experience in production management innovation. The innovation of the Japanese enterprises is facing the transition from the independent innovation model to the open innovation model. In the cultivation of skilled human capital, Japan has developed the national skill appraisal system.(3) Japanese university-industry alliance models are diverse and unique, including six basic models like joint research, contract research, donor lectures, university spin-off enterprises, employment experience and technology transfer, and innovated new models like enterprises commonwealth, technical guidance, science training camp, comprehensive agreement, membership and student participation. The Japanese diversified industry-university alliance is more active under the auspices of "government". In addition, the evolutionary process of the industry-university-government alliance in Japan is analysed by using the triple helix theory, the joint research carried out by the Japanese companies and universities is progressing fast, the universities also actively spin-off derivative risk enterprises and undertake the market-oriented knowledge production functions, the government is transferring from’ supporting" to " promoting" during the whole process.(4) Empirical study is conducted to measure the Japanese innovative country performance.The relevant data of 25 major countries of the world in 2008 are collected, four secondary indicators, such as innovation infrastructure, innovation input level, innovative potential, innovation output level and 28 third-level indicators are built, by using principal component analysis and cluster analysis methods, the result that Japan belongs to the highest level of national innovation group is obtained, and the composite score of Japan ranks No.5 in the world and runs after the United States, the Netherlands, Australia, Canada.(5) Japan’s main experiences are the Japanese government attaches great importance to the building of NIS, the enterprises actively promote the information technology, the information technology of the entire country develops rapidly, and R&D investment and technology trade are leading the world. However, compared with the United States and Europe, Japan is left behind in technology transfer, informationization, basic research level, talents training and internationalization of collaborative research, application of IT technology, especially, problems like inadequate understanding of open innovation and slow process are still existing in Japan.The innovative contribution of this thesis lies in the following four aspects:First, the study of NIS has its theoretical importance. The real-world problems are analysed by using the mature theories that are in academic frontier in this thesis and the relevant theories are thus enriched. The structure and operating mechanism of Japan’s NIS are analysed by using Bertalanffy’s system theory and Haken’s synergetics, the transfer from Japan’s traditional closed innovation to open innovation is investigated by using Chesbrough’s open innovation theory, the latest progress of Japan’s industry-university-government is analysed by using Etzkowitz’s triple helix theory, and this has its theoretical innovation contribution in analysing Japan’s NIS.Secondly, the study object of the NIS has its novelty. There is great difficulty in making some specific country’s NIS as the study object, and it is very difficult to grasp its systematic nature and respective elements of the subject. So far, the special study on Japan’s NIS in the new era is really rare, Japanese scholars haven’t written a book to expound it. Although British scholar Christopher Freeman has studied it, his study is on Japan’s NIS before the 1980s. This thesis has its novelty among the relevant studies both at home and abroad to make Japan’s NIS in the 21st century as the study object.Thirdly, the systemic study of Japan’s NIS has its novelty. This thesis conducts a systematic study of Japan’s NIS through the approach of total-sub-total. The first part is the literature review of NIS, followed by the study of respective major bodies of the government, universities, enterprises, skilled personnel in NIS, the analysis is conducted by using informative, the latest first-hand data and literature. Finally, the overall study of NIS is conducted including the study of the core of NIS:the industry-university alliance and the industry-university-government alliance, and finally, the so far experiences and.inadequacies of Japan’s NIS are refined.Fourthly, the empirical study of Japan’s NIS has it novelty. In this thesis, standard statistical factor analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis methods are adopted to measure the level of NIS development in Japan. The development level of Japan’s NIS finally comes at a true knowledge under its various development experiences and inadequacies.Finally, some lessons and enlightenments toward the construction of China’s innovative nation are obtained through the study of Japan’s NIS in this thesis:China should strengthen the government’s leading role of university-industry alliance, break through the traditional model, innovate new model of university-industry alliance, promote the open innovation philosophy of industry-university alliance, strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights of university-industry alliance, emphasize on industry-university alliance of strategic emerging industries, realize the rapid transfer of scientific and technological achievements, encourage the industry-university joint research, support universities to start derivative risk enterprises.
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