Studies On Optimization Of The Heating System In A Solar Residential Building And On Its Market-oriented Promotion

In the entire system of energy consumption, buildings are not only the primal consumer of energy but the major releaser of environmental pollutants. Consequently energy consumption by buildings has now emerged as the focus of universal social concern. One of the cardinal ways for curbing energy consumption by buildings lies both in development and exploitation of renewable energy and in reduction of conventional energy consumption.This paper focuses on analyzing aspects of residential building and its heating system by taking advantage of both relevant literature available and pertinent technological findings obtained by the team engaged in this research project which is funded by the Foundation. The study, as is illustrated in this paper, has been carried on upon the basis of such theoretic propositions as the theory of integration of the three factors of energy, economy, and environment, technical economics, and public economics. The goal of the said study consists in representing methods for achieving reduced residential building's energy consumption-methods that would be based primarily on a passive utilization of solar energy in a residential building. This paper is also aimed at hashing out the optimal ways for the maximal marketing of solar residential buildings. As a result, this paper touches in detail upon subjects such as (1) the amount of energy required for heating in residential buildings of the newly sprawling region (urban), (2) the ways to optimize the heating modes of a passive solar residential building, (3) the optimization of both the passive solar-heating system and the overall solar-heating system in which are combined the passive solar-heating subsystem and the active solar-heating subsystem, (4) the games going on among the interest-subjects involved in market-oriented promotion of solar residential buildings, and (5) the issue of solar residential building's incremental cost sharing. In addition, in this paper is offered a proposal which is expected to have some bearing on the government's decision in relation to market-oriented promotion of solar residential buildings. It is believed that both the rationale upon which this paper is based and the findings presented in this paper can be not only of significant theoretic and referential value in terms of optimization of utilization of solar energy for residential building but also of substantially pragmatic value in terms of both optimal reduction of heating cost of a residential building and betterment of thermal efficiency in a residential building.Below are presented in a nutshell the rationale followed by and the findings achieved in this paper:(1) In this paper is introduced-on the basis of a detailed analysis of factors that can markedly inform the amount of energy required for heating a residential building-the method of "multiple regressions", for the practical situation that there is no heating energy statistical data and it is difficult to predict (forecast) heating energy demand in newly added heating region. And by dint of creating a prognostic of the amount of energy required for heating residential buildings in a given referential area and also by dint of taking into consideration such modifying parameters as climatic coefficient, building shape coefficient, building-orientation coefficient, this paper is successful in establishing a model exclusively for predicting the amount of energy required for heating residential buildings in a newly sprawling suburban area. In this paper, Lhasa, Tibet is cited as an example. The percentages of different given districts in relation to the total residential area in Lhasa are calculated so that different amounts of energy required for effecting central heating of the residential buildings in any of the given districts specified above can be thus ascertained. Moreover in this paper are also elaborated the main technological expedients, by which optimization-exactly for the purpose of reducing energy consumption resulting from residential-quarters heating-of not only the passive solar-heating system in a residential building but also the active solar-heating system in a residential building can be attained.(2) In this paper is propounded the formula of "full life-cycle-3E+S+T" which, being duly termed "a 3-dimensional-theorem-based model of evaluation", can well serve as a means for appraising the solar-heating system (or the heating modes) a residential building is equipped with. Underlying such an evaluative model, which is patterned after the theory of 3E system, are such propositions as are derived from systematology, the theory of sustainable development, and the theory of full-life-cycle assessment. Moreover in this paper is presented an in-depth study of such diverse factors, which can have some bearing upon an architect's attempt at opting for a certain type of solar-heating system, as energy resource, economic condition, environment, social circumstances, and technological feasibility. And upon the basis of such an in-depth study is formulated in this paper "the system of indices for attaining a comprehensive assessment of thermal efficiency of a passive solar-heating device in a residential building. With the establishment of the aforesaid system of indices for attaining a comprehensive assessment of thermal efficiency, can be formulated a model of decision-making with regard to the optimization of heating device engineered on the basis of an improved AHP and gray correlation degree with entropy technology portfolio weights. Furthermore In order to test the validity of propositions specified in this paper, the typical passive solar-heating system used in an average residential building in Lhasa has been used as an object in our empirical study. From such an empirical study has been obtained the optimal type of passive solar-heating device for an average residential building in Lhasa.(3) On the basis of the findings from a study made of the relationship between building thermal equilibrium and solar heating systems has been conducted-from the perspectives of technical economy and energy conservation-an in-depth analysis of (a) the variables of a building's six building envelopes including roofs, exterior walls, exterior widows, etc. and (b) the properties of these variables. Thus by following the guidance of the 0-1 programming ideas, this paper is successful in setting forth the decision-making variables in relation to building envelopes. As a result of the analysis made by us of the relationship between "the folio approach plus the energy-saving rate" and "the unilateral increase in the total cost", is thus set forth in this paper an optimized model of passive solar heating system. The motive for formulating such an optimized model is a desire not only to attain a unilateral increase in the total cost arising from the adoption of the "envelope portfolio approach" when a certain energy-saving rate stays in the minimum but to determine the economical energy-saving-rate interval of a certain passive solar-heating system by means of bringing about a coincidence between the function curves of both the "envelope portfolio approach" and a certain energy-saving rate. And on this basis, an entire optimization model can be built out of a combined system of active solar-heating apparatus and passive solar-heating apparatus. Accordingly an economical energy-saving rate interval can thus be determined for the entire solar heating system. Furthermore in this paper are advanced not only the resultant algorithm for the optimization models specified above but a new computer program which has been developed exclusively for use in the environment of such computer programs as "Dve-Cpp".In addition, an empirical study has been carried out for the purpose of fathoming the validity of the above-mentioned solar-heating systems in a new residential building. In the empirical study, a typical residential building in Lhasa has been used to serve as a contrast. Findings from such an empirical study can serve as a basis for the creation in the future of atlas of both standardized designs of residential building's energy-saving system and standardized designs for a residential building's associated structures in not only Lhasa but areas which are meteorologically similar to Lhasa.(4) A definition offered in this paper from the perspective of public economics is this:A solar residential building should be termed-in the midst of mixed products-as a quasi-public product. Externality of a solar residential building are also delved into in this paper. In order to create not only a "complete information-dynamic game model" in the field of financial subsidy which involves both the Central Government and local governments but also an "incomplete information-dynamic game model" in the field of incremental cost-sharing which involves both local governments and buyers of solar residential buildings, the theory of dynamic game and methods derived therefrom have been duly adopted. Moreover the "contingent valuation method" has been used in our study which was conducted in Lhasa and applied there expressly from the standpoint of an average buyer of a solar residential building for the purpose of producing a tentative formula which is intended for ironing out problems that may arise from a transaction of incremental cost-sharing. Furthermore, having specifically defined the role to be played by a local government in the move to promote the construction of solar residential building, this paper proceeds to offer a relevant proposals that touch upon a very wide range of fields such as stature, ordinance, standard, inter-departmental cooperation-oriented mechanisms, tax incentive, energy efficiency labeling, specialized-service market, technological innovation, education, international cooperation.Our study which springs from the research project bearing the name of "energy-efficient residential building system in the Tibetan plateau" and gives birth to this paper is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.