| Mobile Ad Hoc network(MANET)is a wireless network connecting mobile nodes(phones,notebooks,UAVs,sensors,etc.).It has been widely used in military,emergency rescue,data monitoring and other fields.The nodes in MANET are usually powered by batteries.Once the nodes run out of energy,they are removed.Hence,the network lifetime is shortened and the network performance is degraded.The research shows that the routing algorithm has a great influence on the energy consumption.Therefore,it is necessary to find a routing planning algorithm for MANET that can save energy effectively and converge quickly.In recent years,as a rapidly emerging technology that can be used to solve problems which are too complex for classical computers,quantum computing has been theoretically proved to work extremely quickly.Quantum annealing algorithm is a heuristic method to get global minimum of objective function by discarding local minimum values through quantum tunneling effect.It can be used in line planning,finance services,fault diagnosis and so on.As a result,we focus on energy efficient routing planning scheme of MANET based on quantum annealing algorithm.The main contributions are listed as follows:(1)An algorithm of clustering and inter-cluster routes programming in MANET based on Path Integral Monte Carlo-Quantum Annealing(PIMC-QA)is proposed.It is used to solve the problem of large energy consumption in the routing process of MANET nodes.We build the energy consumption for transmitting and receiving one bit at a node.Taking the minimum energy consumption in communications as the objective function,the objective function is constructed.By adding penalty terms according to the actual situation,the potential energy term can be obtained.Combined with the kinetic energy term,the classical Hamiltonian can be obtained.PIMC-QA can be used to obtain both the optimal clustering and intercluster routing scheme.The numerical results show that the quantum annealing algorithm can find a more energy-efficient clustering and inter-cluster routing planning between clusters than simulated annealing.Therefore,the network life cycle is prolonged.Compared with simulated annealing algorithm,quantum annealing algorithm is easier to discard the local optimal solutions and approach the global optimal solution in higher probability,and the optimal solution is approached in greater probability and faster speed.Quantum annealing is not affected by the initial solution.Although the optimal solution is not obtained every time,the better solution can also be obtained.Quantum annealing algorithm performs better in stability and reliability than simulated annealing.Lastly,the optimal parameter values of PIMC-QA algorithm are also discussed.(2)An algorithm of rate selection,clustering and inter-cluster routing planning in MANET based on PIMC-QA is proposed.It is used to solve the problem of large energy consumption under multi rate mechanism.Under the consumption of different energy in the case of different transmission rates,a revised objective function is adopted for joint optimization of rate selection,clustering and inter-cluster routing planning.By adding penalty terms according to the actual situation,the potential energy term can be obtained.Combined with the kinetic energy term,the classical Hamiltonian can be obtained.PIMC-QA algorithm is also applied to solve the problem.The numerical results show that the quantum annealing algorithm selects the appropriate data transmission rate for links while planning the clustering and inter-cluster routing under the multi-rate transmission mechanism,so as to reduce the network energy consumption.Quantum annealing algorithm has more advantages than simulated annealing algorithm in terms of discarding local minimum values,convergence speed,performance stability and reliability. |
