Young Marx’s Thought Turns To Research

The turn of young Marx’s thought has always been the object of attention of academic circles,and academic circles generally summarize the results of Marx’s ideological turn as "from idealism to materialism,from revolutionary democracy to communism." However,the specific reasons,main processes and significance of Marx’s ideological turn have not been comprehensively,deeply and meticulously studied,so this article attempts to make useful attempts in this regard.By studying Marx’s early works between 1839 and 1845,we can find that Marx’s texts in different periods progressed layer by layer around solving "difficult matters of material interests",gradually penetrating into the essence of determining the development of things,and thus shifting from the study of the state and law to the study of political economy.Therefore,this study defines the development of young Marx’s ideological development as shifting from the study of the state and law to the study of political economy,and explores the specific reasons for this shift and the significance of this shift.When writing his doctoral dissertation,Marx was influenced by the Young Hegelians,took "self-awareness" as the center of the argument of his doctoral dissertation,and established the concept of free reason.Marx,who adhered to this concept,faced the social reality in the Rheinische Zeitung period,took "reason" as the standard for measuring the world,and believed that the state,law,etc.should meet the requirements of reason,that is,they can represent the general interests of the majority of people.But the actual Prussian state and law not only did not embody rational principles,but always defended the private interests of the privileged hierarchy.The conflict between ideology and practical problems caused Marx to encounter "difficult things for material interests," and this difficult thing was also the beginning of Marx’s ideological turn.The confusion caused by the "material difficulty" for the young Marx was whether the political state was the embodiment of rationality and whether it represented the general interests of the general public,so the first thing Marx did was to try to solve this difficult matter at the national level.Marx criticized the state chapter in Hegel’s philosophy of law and tried to find out the role of politics in historical development through the reading of world history,but historical facts made Marx realize that it is private property that affects the social structure,and thus recognizes the decisive role of private property.On this basis,Marx reversed Hegel’s question of the relationship between the state and civil society,pointing out the decisive role of civil society in the state.Therefore,Marx turned to the study of civil society during the Franco-German Yearbook.An in-depth analysis of civil society led Marx to discover that the alienation of the political state stems from the alienation of people in civil society.Due to the separation of civil society and the state,people are dualized into citizens and private individuals,and citizens enjoy rights such as freedom and equality stipulated by law,while private individuals in civil society still suffer from social inequality,they are eroded by money,interests,etc.,and become individuals for the purpose of pursuing private interests.The pursuit of private interests forms the basis of civil society,and the political state becomes a tool to safeguard the private interests of civil society.This not only reargued from the perspective of civil society that civil society determines the state,but also explained the limitations of political emancipation,which led Marx to propose the idea of human emancipation.In analyzing the class composition of civil society,Marx discovered the historical mission of the proletariat and the practical force to achieve human emancipation.At the same time,Marx’s own ideological development,the proletariat’s need for scientific theoretical guidance,and his contemporaries’ study of political economy from different angles all made Marx realize that problems in civil society should be sought in political economy.From this,Marx turned to political economy.Through the relationship between capital and labor,it is demonstrated that human labor is in a state of alienation,which causes alienation between people and themselves,and between people,revealing that it is capitalist private ownership that creates the alienation of adults,and proposes to realize communism to achieve the essence of man to return to himself,so as to achieve human liberation.It is precisely because of the critique of private ownership that Marx discovered the law between productive forces and production relations,and became closer and closer to historical materialism.After Marx turned to political economy,he created a materialist view of history and put forward the theory of surplus value,which made the emancipation of people’s minds and the way to achieve emancipation more clear and scientific.