| Bai Yuchan,the actual founder of Jin Dan Nan Zong of Taoism in the Southern Song Dynasty,inherited and carried forward Zhang Boduan’s Taoist thought under the influence of the integration of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism,and constructed an inner Dan cultivation system featuring "understanding Taoism with the heart and understanding Dan with the heart".This system of cultivation is a very important link in the evolution of Taoist theory in Song Dynasty and has a great influence on the later Taoist cultivation.Based on Bai Yuchan’s "heart",this paper probes into his theory of Taoism’s mind.The core concept of Bai Yuchan’s Taoist theory of mind is "heart",and the theoretical foundation is "heart is Tao".As the basic proposition of Bai Yuchan’s Taoist thought,"Mind is Tao" has three levels of connotation: one is the theory of the unalterability of the Tao heart,which explains the similarity of "Tao" and "heart" at the noumenal level by comparing their respective characteristics;The second is the theory of the mutual conversion of Tao and heart.Based on the ontological equivalence of "Tao" and "heart",Bai Yuchan believes that "Tao" and "heart" are integrated and interdependent,and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions."Heart" is the embodiment of "Tao",and "Tao" can be achieved through "heart".The third is the theory of Tao body-centered use.The theory of Tao body-centered use distinguishes "Tao" and "heart" from the relation between body and use,taking "Tao" as body and "heart" as use."Tao" is supreme and pure,but "heart" contains multiple structures of metaphysics,and the metaphysical mind also has two states of "human heart" and "Tao heart".Only the "Tao heart" can understand "Tao",and the purpose of cultivation is to get rid of "human heart".Bai Yuchan introduced the concepts of "nature" and "God" to supplement and explain the "heart".In the ontological sense,the three are equivalent to "Tao",but in practice,they respectively represent the level of monastics from shallow to deep,with the primary,the end,the primary and the secondary."Heart","nature" and "God" are one and have both innate "truth" and acquired "vulgarity"."Heart" includes "human heart" and "Tao heart".Only by removing the cover of the central desire of "human heart" can we achieve "Tao heart";"Nature" includes "human nature" and "truth nature".Bai Yuchan inherits the Taoist idea of "double cultivation of human life" and discusses the characteristics and states of "nature" in combination with the Confucian views of "nature of the mandate of heaven" and "nature of temperament"."God" includes "human god" and "true God".Starting from the Taoist view of form and spirit,Bai Yuchan extended Zhang Boduan’s theory of "primitive God" and "desire God" to discuss "God".Bai Yuchan explained the respective characteristics and mutual relations of "heart","nature" and "God",defined the sequence of practice from the degree and depth of the three approaches to "Tao",and finally led the starting point of practice to "heart" and expounded the corresponding theory of mind nature time.Bai Yuchan’s practice time theory has very distinct characteristics of the integration of the three religions,he returned to the Taoist "modesty" and "forget",will "forget" as the key of spiritual cultivation time;It criticizes and sublates the "honesty" of Confucianism,and combines the "knowing and ending" of Neo-Confucianism to perfect the gist of cultivation.Denigrate Buddhism’s "ding" easy to stray into the "stubbornness" of the deficiency,but also combined with the Zen "clear mind to see the nature" to explain the mind cultivation time.Bai Yuchan put forward the Taoist mind theory of "solving Tao with heart" and the corresponding mind theory of cultivating time,absorbing and integrating the thoughts of Confucianism and Buddhism from the perspective of Taoism,which played a bridging role in the development of Taoist theory under the integration of the three religions.Bai Yuchan himself also made great contributions to the development and evolution of Taoism. |
