The Study Of Presenting Gifts Among Scholar-bureaucrats In Tang Dynasty

Based on the gift of scholar-officials in Tang Dynasty,this paper sorts out the kinds of gifts and classifies the functions of the gift of scholar-officials in Tang Dynasty.On t his basis,this paper summarizes the characteristics of the gifts of scholar-bureaucrats in Tang Dynasty.Finally,taking Bai Juyi as an example,the author makes a case study of his gift giving behavior.The first chapter mainly solves the questions of who gave gifts,to whom,what was the gift and when the gift was given.This paper mainly combs the names,time,historic al period,names of recipients and sources of historical materials of the gifts exchanged by the literati and officials in the Tang Dynasty through a list.According to the handed down documents,the types of gifts presented by the literati and officials in the Tang Dy nasty were very rich,mainly divided into clothing,food,home furnishing,travel and oth er daily life gifts.Coins,gold,silver,cloth and other property gifts;Pen,ink,paper,inks tone,piano,flute and other cultural supplies gifts;The types of cultural creation gifts su ch as poetry,calligraphy and painting presented diversified characteristics.Each species,the gift gift content is extremely rich,clothing,for example,include the jinyi,silver coa ted Ru,clothing and Jin Zao Ru,Zhu clothes,didi robe,Gu 衘 seocho Fei robe,sable qi u,five cloud qiu,green lamb qiu,fox fur robe,hu Ji qiu,embroidered clothing,clothing,clothing and green wire cloth white light rong unlined upper garment,such as clothing,willow dance from the material,Including silk clothing,linen clothing,leather clothing,etc.,reflecting the development of silk weaving,linen weaving,wool weaving,leather i ndustry in the Tang Dynasty,the diversification of clothing materials.The second chapter mainly classifies the function of gift giving of the literati and o fficials in Tang Dynasty.Through the analysis of the political status and mutual social re lationship between the recipients and the recipients,it is found that the gift-giving behav ior of the scholar-officials in the Tang Dynasty was mainly to achieve the following fun ctions: political communication,economic assistance,cultural exchange,emotional expr ession between the clans and in-laws,identity in official sacrificial ceremonies,and emo tional enhancement in festivals and life etiquette.Scholar-officials in different political positions had different purposes for giving gifts.Taking political gifts as an example,th e gifts given by scholar-officials in the upward structure were mainly for seeking promo tion or career promotion,hoping to gain more political benefits by taking a shortcut.On the other hand,the gifts of the descending structure are mainly based on the charm,in w hich the venerable hopes to enhance his reputation and gain the love and loyalty of his s ubordinates.The gifts of horizontal structures are often based on the concept of reciproc ity,in order to maintain close political ties with each other,or to express common politic al ideas.The third chapter mainly analyzes the differences of the scholar-bureaucrat’s gifts in the Tang Dynasty,and the particularity of the scholar-bureaucrat’s gifts compared with the emperor and the common people.In the early period of Tang Dynasty,it was a kind economy era under the guidance of the equal-field system and rent regulation.The gifts given by scholar-officials were mainly primary agricultural products.In the late Tang Dynasty,with the development of handicraft industry and commerce and the implementation of the "Two Taxes Law",there were more and more handicraft products such as tea,wine,silk fabrics and woven mat among the gifts given by scholar-officials.Money,gold and silver,silk and other property gifts also appeared from time to time,reflecting the social and economic development of the Tang Dynasty,scholars and officials can choose the types of gifts also presented a variety of characteristics.Compared with the gifts given by the emperors,the gifts given by the scholar-officials in the Tang Dynasty showed the characteristics of temperance.Scholar-officials mostly presented gifts under the leading principle of "rites" and paid more attention to the spiritual meaning of the gifts.Compared with the gifts given by the common people,the gifts given by the scholar-officials in the Tang Dynasty showed the dual attributes of culture and politics.Most of the gifts given by the common people were daily necessities such as powder,rice noodles,melons and fruits,and money,and less involved cultural products,such as pen,ink,paper,inkstone and other cultural products,as well as cultural creations such as poetry,calligraphy and painting.The gifts given by the literati and officials paid more attention to cultural exchanges.The purpose of giving gifts to ordinary people is mostly emotional expression and economic aid,less related to politics.The gifts and gifts of literati and officials were closely related to politics.The gifts given by subordinates to superiors were mostly for the purpose of seeking a better political future.Gifts from superiors to subordinates are intended to win over subordinates and boost their own political popularity.In addition,the literati and officials deepened their mutual identity and strengthened their political ties by giving gifts.The last part is the case analysis of Bai Juyi’s gift giving.Before the Yuan and Wu Yuan Balance cases of the 10 th year,Bai Juyi had the ambition of the world,was busy with political affairs,had a high work intensity,and had little gift giving and social interaction.Ten years later,Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiangzhou,said goodbye to his previous political career,started a secular life focusing on family affection,friendship and in-laws,and actively expanded his social circle.Gifts and social contacts increased significantly.Most of Bai Juyi’s gifts were handicraft products such as tea and wine and cultural products such as zither.Judging from the objects of Bai Juyi’s gifts,most of them were bureaucratic scholar-officials,which was determined by Bai Juyi’s political attribute as a scholar-official.Although he hated party rivalry,his social circle was never far away from the bureaucracy and scholar-officials of Niu Party and Li Party,and even with the leaders of Niu Party,Niu Sangru and Yang Sifu.Yuan Zhen and Li Shen,the backbone of the Li Party,had gifts to give to each other,as well as the cultural exchange of poetry.