Premise Typicality Weakening The Premise Diversity Effect During Category-based Induction: Evidence From Behavior And Cognitive Neural

Category-based induction(CBI)is the ability to apply known knowledge to new scenarios based on relationships between category members.For example,if you find that apple be rich in vitamin(the premise category),it can infer that the fruit(the conclusion category)also be rich in vitamin,because the apple belongs to a subcategory of fruit.CBI makes human learning efficient and powerful.The diversity effect of CBI is a common phenomenon in our daily life,which suggests that higher inductive strength of conclusions is supported by more diverse evidence than relatively non-diverse and homogenous evidence.Previous studies have found that the diversity effect can be weakened by the typicality of premise categories during CBI.However,cognitive computing models do not illustrate the cognitive process when premise typicality weakens premise diversity effect during CBI.Four experiments were designed to understand the behavior and neural mechanism behind this influence.With the help of the event-related potentials(ERPs)technique,the influence of premise typicality affects diversity effect was deeply investigated.The pre-experiment 1 is a behavioral study with the primary goal of confirming the reliability of the experimental materials and employed paradigm.The experiment used a two-factor within subject design that manipulated both premise categories(non-diverse and diverse)and conclusion consistency(congruent and incongruent).The diverse premises included one typical category(e.g.,pear)and one atypical category(e.g.,chestnut).The non-diverse premises included two typical categories(e.g.,pear,pomegranate).In the experiment,participants judged whether the conclusions’ category exemplars have the same molecular structure as the ones in the premises,choosing one of four keys(1,2,3,4)to indicate “definitely weak”,“possibly weak”,“possibly strong”,and “definitely strong”.The results showed that non-diverse premise conditions generated higher “correct” response proportions,greater inductive strength,higher“definitely” response proportions,and shorter reaction times than diverse premise conditions.It shows that premise typicality weakened premise diversity effect during CBI.The pre-experiment 2 is the behavioral study.The subjects’ performance in the categorization task was evaluated using the same material as the pre-experiment 1.In the experiment,participants were asked to determine whether the categories of premise and conclusion fall under the same heading.The results showed that categorization had a higher “correct” response proportions,higher inductive strength,higher “definitely”response proportions,and shorter reaction time than the CBI task.The results showed that the cognitive process of CBI is more complex and contains more uncertainty.Study 1 is an ERP study,which use the same experimental procedures and materials as the pre-experiment.ERPs technology provides high temporal resolution and monitors cognitive processes in real time.The time-frequency analysis technique can provide the traditional ERPs to study the signal without phase-lock.Participants also judged whether the conclusions’ category exemplars have the same molecular structure as the ones in the premises under the congruent and incongruent conclusion.The behavioral results were consistent with those of the pre-experiment.ERP results showed that diverse premise conditions elicited greater P2,smaller FN400,and greater f-PNP amplitudes than nondiverse premise conditions.It indicated diverse premises meet greater task expectations,while non-diverse premises involved increased effort in semantic feature integration and greater processing discrepancies.The time-frequency results showed that non-diverse premise induces greater theta power,theta-alpha power and beta power than diverse premise,indicating that non-diverse premise has higher inductive confidence,while diverse premise has higher cognitive and attention resource needs than non-diverse premise.The second study is the behavioral study about premise typicality weaken diversity effect under time pressure.According to Study 1,premise diversity is activated as the default response,hence it is possible that under time pressure,intuitive diversity will manifest.The primary goal of Study 2 is to confirm the stability of premise typicality in decreasing the diversity effect.The experiment requireed the subjects to make rapid reasoning judgment in a limited time.The results showed that,non-diverse premise has higher “correct” response proportions,inductive strength,and “definitely” response proportions than diverse premise under time pressure.It indicated that the influence of premise typicality on diversity effect is stable and robust.In this paper,4 studies measured the cognitive process of the influence of premise typicality on diversity effect from the perspective of behavioral performance and neural mechanism.Our study supports the criticism of Bayesian models of CBI.Bayesian models focus on property relations,ignore how individuals represent concepts,and lack psychological reasonability.In our study,P2 and FN400 were associated with the detection and integration of category features,indicating the conceptual representation process during CBI.In addition,our results confirm the default-interventionist in nature,and support the dual-processing theories of reasoning.The P2 and FN400 amplitudes perhaps connected with Type 1 processing,which involves quick feature detection and a concept representing process.The f-PNP amplitudes perhaps connected with Type 2processing,implying revision processes associated with prediction violations.