| Historical urban geography is an important research content of historical urban geography,and the urban site migration under the influence of urban floods in historical periods is an important aspect of historical urban geography research.The Chuanjiang River and its main tributaries flow through five provinces(cities)of Shaanxi,Sichuan,Guizhou,Chongqing and Hubei,with Minjiang River,Tuojiang River,Jialing River and Wujiang River joining them.Influenced by mountain topography and other natural geographical factors,most of the cities in this region are mountain cities facing water and backed by mountains,and the disaster caused by flood is serious.Therefore,the response of cities in the Sichuan River Basin to flood in historical period deserves our attention.Based on this situation,through the collection and collation of literature,supplemented by field investigation,and using the knowledge of historical geography,statistics,geography,sociology and other disciplines,this paper studies the cities in the Sichuan River Basin that were affected by floods in the Qing Dynasty,and then analyzes the social factors behind the flood migration.Such as social organization,administrative system,power operation,social class,local culture,regional economy and social changes,in order to analyze the operation mechanism between the local and central government in the Qing Dynasty.Taking the urban agglomeration along the Sichuan River Basin as an example,the study on urban migration under the influence of flood disasters is of great reference value for us to understand the causes of urban flood disasters,social response and urban relocation process in the Yangtze River Basin.In order to analyze the urban migration under the influence of flood in the Sichuan River Basin in the Qing Dynasty,the analysis and research are mainly carried out from the following aspects:The first chapter summarizes the basic situation of flood disaster and urban relocation in the Sichuan River Basin in the Qing Dynasty.This part is the basis of the whole study,which consists of three levels.From the perspective of the basic situation of urban disasters in prefectures,prefectures and counties in the Chuanjiang River Basin in the Qing Dynasty,the urban flood disasters in cities along the five major river systems of Chuanjiang River,Jialing River,Minjiang River,Wujiang River and Tuojiang River were analyzed statistically,and the causes of the disasters and the severity of the urban damage and their differences were analyzed.From the perspective of natural geography,this paper mainly analyzes the influence of river network structure and mountainous terrain on city site selection,layout and disaster.In order to sort out the situation of disaster-induced urban migration in the Sichuan River Basin,it is to analyze the types of urban flood,the response of flood into the city and the number of urban migration under the background of flood.Through the analysis of the basic situation of flood disasters in cities along the Sichuan River Basin,this paper provides the precondition for the following research on flood migration,constructs the spatial scope,and further clarives the logic of writing from macro to micro,natural disaster to social response.The second chapter discusses the relocation process of Changshou County to avoid the invasion of flood,which consists of five levels.The site selection factor of Changshou County is analyzed from the perspective of natural geography and human factors.In terms of physical geography,Changshou County was built on the north bank of the Yangtze River.The climate is warm and suitable,the terrain is flat,and Fengshan Mountain blocks the cold air.The county seat has the peach blossom brook flowing through,providing convenient and clean drinking water source.From the perspective of human factors,Changshou County has a moderate urban road,which connects Chongqing in the upper reaches and Fuzhou in the lower reaches.It is both a transportation hub and an important defense site.Longevity county flood and mainly describes the control level,to tianshun years of Ming dynasty(1457-1464),the county by the long shou down the river to qing xuantong three years(1912),the qing dynasty perish longevity county flood information in nearly five hundred years,human for the destruction of the urban surrounding environment leads to urban floods increase gradually,and the county judge people by building DAMS,moat,Sacrifice to the god of water and build temples,science and superstition coexist in two ways to resist flood.In the early years of jiaqing,the sichuan and chu Bailianjiao rebels caused great damage to the Changshou county seat.The officials at the prefectural and county levels agreed that the location of the county seat was not good and could not meet the needs of military defense and flood prevention,so the motion of moving the county seat to fengshan was proposed.From the perspective of Fengshan of Changshou County,the whole process of Changshou County from the proposal of relocation to the establishment of the new city and the settlement of the county administration is expounded,and the importance of the cooperation between the officials and the gentry in the Qing Dynasty is explored.From the perspective of "double city pattern",the paper expounds that Changshou County has developed into a "double city" mode with the separation of political center and economic center after relocation,which is the inevitable result of social progress and economic development.The third chapter discusses the process and internal mechanism of Mianzhou relocation in flood and war.There are three levels of research.The site selection of Mianzhou City and the flood disaster in the past dynasties and its prevention level: The site selection of Mianzhou City is located on the alluvial and diluvial plain of the three rivers of Fujiang,Anchang and Furongxi,and the urban terrain is high and far away from the flood inundation range.The city was built in the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty(201 BC),which is the northern gate guarding the entrance to the Chengdu Plain.Urban floods first appeared in the Jin Dynasty,and became more frequent after the Song Dynasty.The records of floods were more detailed in the Qing Dynasty.In the Song Dynasty,the northern residents moved to the south gradually,which accelerated the development of the mountains and forests around the cities,and the vegetation coverage rate accelerated to decline,leading to frequent natural disasters.However,Mianzhou is located in the Fujiang Basin,with an altitude lower than that of Chengdu Plain.Soil and water loss in the upstream silts up the river course of Fujiang,and the urban water disaster in Mianzhou is becoming more and more serious.The embankment to protect the city was built in the Tang Dynasty and repaired in subsequent dynasties.The improvement of the Ming Dynasty is the most prominent,the barrier water,water guide and the use of the two,in the construction of the dam at the same time the excavation of the river to introduce the Fujiang water in the north of the city,reduce the flow of the city transit.At the religious level,they offered sacrifices to the river god and prayed for good weather and good weather.The relocation of Mianzhou to Luojiang during the war took place during the reign of Emperor Qianlong,but the cause could be traced back to the reign of Emperor Kangxi.Kangxi thirty-one years(1692)Fujiang changed the road to the city of Mianzhou,the east and north half of the city in the waves,the Ming Dynasty dug the river so that the downstream river silting is increasingly serious,leading to this year’s disaster.The landforms around Mianzhou changed greatly,and it was difficult to reappear the old appearance of the city.It was not until the mid-Qianlong period that Altai,the governor of Sichuan,paid attention to water conservancy that the water system around Mianzhou was gradually improved in a planned way.Qianlong thirty-two years(1767)Mianzhou was flooded again,Fujiang Guian bankruptcy.At this time,the war in the southwest,Sichuan Province,the bandits are not endless,Mianzhou city is broken and difficult to check defense.A group of officials headed by Altay to the city dilapidated,financial constraints on the ground recommended to move to a county Luojiang.Mianzhou returned to the level of the old administration,analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the old administration and the old administration,as well as the influence of different social classes on the two moves to the city,believed that the old state of Mianzhou did not lose the main conditions for establishing the old state,in the early years of Jiaqing and Bailianjiao armies repeatedly fought for the old state,we can see the importance of the old state to the whole Shu.Liu Yinquan,then governor of the state,mobilized the people of the state to build the city,and the people actively raised money.The completion of the project in a few months proved that Mianzhou was not difficult to repair.And the people of the old state stopped and drove the deputy minister of Xizang and ying,asked its representative to play the emperor state knowledge to move back,which can be seen behind the promotion of the officials and gentry.The return of the state administration triggered the confrontation between the gentry and the people of Mianzhou and Luojiang,which showed that the local gentry and the people played an important role in the decision-making of public affairs.This paper explains that the dominant cause of Mianzhou’s relocation is driven by people of different social classes under the large historical background and subjective trade-off of their own interests,and urban flood is only one of the reasons.The fourth chapter analyzes the social class game in the process of removing the city of Feng-du in the Qing Dynasty,which mainly includes the site selection of the city and the prevention and cure of the floods in the past dynasties.The Yangtze River Flood in Tongzhi;Feng-du county was relocated to Fujiabao;Feng-du should also carry out research on four aspects.This paper analyzed the natural geographical and human factors for the site selection of Feng-du county,which is on the north bank of the Yangtze River,where the climate is suitable for the same period of rain and heat,so that Liubei Stream and Xijiao Stream flow through the east and west of the city respectively,which provided a place for the construction of the city and conditions for the inhabitants to produce and live.The county seat is about the upper reaches of Wu and Chu.It is an important transport port and transportation hub of the Yangtze River route,which makes the population gradually gather to form a city.Hades flooding intensified with the changes in the natural conditions and the impact of human activities,the county near the Yangtze river,surrounded on three sides by water surrounding system,city become a dikes,and past dynasties for the dredging of the Yangtze river waterway dug county river upstream Shi Liang rapids,weakened the barrier of the river,to the county to face water rushed,exacerbated by the destructive force of the floods.In order to prevent waterproofing,ancestors built dikes in the northern part of the county to protect against mountain torrents and to avoid danger.The south side of the city facing the Yangtze River was too close to the river,so the city wall was reinforced to prevent flood control.At the same time,like other cities in Sichuan,they sought spiritual solace by offering sacrifices to the Dragon King,who was in charge of wind and rain,and to Yu the Great,who calmed floods.The level of Yangtze River flood in Tongzhi: the flood season was too long this year,and the rain belt lingered along the Yangtze River for a long time.For hundreds of years,the damage to the water network caused by the reclamation of land from lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River caused the flood to lose its releasing place.Together,they contributed to this year’s devastating floods.The town of Feng-du was also fatally damaged,starting with heavy rainfall that flooded the river around it.A few days later,both the flood peak and the mountain flood in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River arrived under the city of Fengdu and rushed to the county town,supporting each other.In addition,the magistrate did not do the flood prevention plan,and the eve of the arrival of the flood abandoned the city and fled the disaster relief ineffective.The town of Feng-du suffered a devastating blow.In the part of Feng-du County,he analyzed the reasons why the old county was abandoned,that is,to avoid urban flooding and improve the defense level.In particular,the failure of the former magistrate Xu Jun-yong in the struggle between officials and gentry made the subsequent magistrate more urgent to relocate the county.However,the subsequent magistrates fell into disputes among officials,gentry and people in their consideration of the resettlement and the appropriateness of the relocation,which led to twists and turns in the construction and relocation of the new city.Finally,in terms of restoring the process of returning to the abandoned city and county from such aspects as military defense,inconvenience of life and resistance of the people,it reveals the decisive role of social class game in the process of removing the county. |
