Study On The Operation Of The Shangji System In Qin Dynasty Seen In The Documents Of "Ji" "Ke" "Zhi" In Liye Qin Bamboo Slips

In the Liye Qin bamboo slips,there are abundant documents related closely to the operation of the shangji system in the Qin Dynasty.Through the careful sorting and analysis of the three types of documents,we can know the actual situation of the Shangji system in the local grassroots in the Qin Dynasty.According to the function of"Ji"(“计”)documents in administrative operation,it can be divided into the statistical documents made by the subordinate Zhu Guan(诸官)of the county court according to a certain period and the special accouting documents made by the county court.The former can be further subdivided into statistical books produced by the day,statistical books produced by the month,ststistical books produced by the season and annual ststistical books.In the process of making comprehensive accounting documents,the periodical meeting mechanism of the county court played an important role,that is,the annual ststistical books submitted by the Zhu Guan(诸官)were checked by the Lie Cao(列曹)through participating in the periodical meeting.In the Qin Dynasty,in addition to reporting the annual work to the Jun(郡),the county also submitted part of the annual accounting documents to the Nei Shi(内史).It can be seen that in a period of time after the unification of the Qin Dynasty,in addition to taking charge of the Capital region,Nei Shi(内史)still retained certain functions of financial management.Through the analysis of the statistical documents made by Zhu Guan(诸官),we can know that the seven statistical documents recorded in the"Hu Cao Ji Lu"(户曹计録)were indeed produced by the township officials.The exact meaning of the gong yong ji(工用计),should refer to the Ku(库)for the production of weapons,vehicle parts and other required raw materials statistics.The specific meaning of Shao Nei Qi Ji(少内器计)refers to Shao Nei’s statistics of the relevant materials in and out under its control.According to the specific role of"Ke"(“课”)documents in daily administration as the standard,the"Ke"(“课”)documents seen in the Liye Qin bamboo slips can be divided into the"Ke"(“课”)documents made by Zhu Guan(诸官)in accordance with the year,with assessment and evaluation of the"Ke"(“课”)documents and other"Ke"(“课”)documents.With the"Ke"(“课”)documents in the Zhu Guan(诸官)and Lie Cao(列曹)between the operation,you can know the general process of the assessment of the county court to the Zhu Guan(诸官).That is to say,after the"Ke"(“课”)documents perpaerd by the Zhu Guan(诸官)were submitted to the county court,the Lie Cao(列曹)would check the content and format of the relevant documents with the"shi ling"(“式令”)stored in the bamboo box.After verifying that there were no mistakes,Ting Zhu Ke(廷主课)would summarize the"Ke"(“课”)documents of the same nature,and then the chief officials in the county court would evaluate the relevant officials according to the corresponding examination standards.Through the analysis of the legal provisons related to"ke sheng"(“课省”),we know that the Qin Dynasty began to use the method of adding and subtracting the score,which is the calculation of gains and the negative calculation,to evaluate the performance of the officials.The Qin Dynasty also initially implemented the system of inspection by county officials as a necessary supplement to the examination of the Zhu Guan(诸官).In the Liye Qin bamboo slips,not only the"Ke"(“课”)documents have the function of performance appraisal,but also the documents that record the number of existing household accounts and the accumulated number of household accounts within a certain period of time,also have a certain assessment function.The"Zhi"(“志”)documents in the Liye Qin bamboo slips is a separate document category,which is different from the academic world known as the the"Ke Zhi"(“课志”)documents or"Ke Zhi"(“课志”)slips.According to the specific function of the"Zhi"(“志”)documents,we divide them into the"Zhi"(“志”)documents of an official assessment items and the"Zhi"(“志”)documents of a specific event.According to the available materials,we discuss the process of the"Zhi"(“志”)documents in the operation of various agencies in the county court.After the Zhu Guan(诸官)in the county court produced the"Zhi"(“志”)documents,they would submit the"Zhi"(“志”)documents regularly through the mechanism of overdue meeting.After the relevant documents were sent to the county court,the Lie Cao(列曹)would check the"Zhi"(“志”)documents,which was called"ding Zhi"(“定志”).That is,the format of the relevant documents stored in the bamboo box was used to check whether the format of the"Zhi"(“志”)documents met the standards.Most of the"Zhi"(“志”)documents made by the Zhu Guan(诸官)in the Liye Qin bamboo slips are used for the annual report of the county court to the higher authorities.It can be seen that they may be related to the assessment.However,in the Han Dynasty,the"Zhi"(“志”)documents were no longer used for annual reports to the higher authorities,but merely became a document entity to record relevant matters.