| Since Heine(1991)introduced the concept of anti-anticipation,more and more Chinese grammar researchers have started to use this concept to study Chinese grammatical phenomena from the perspective of anticipation/anti-anticipation,revealing a number of Chinese anti-anticipation markers.Among them,we note that a number of discourse markers,mainly the psychological verbs"知道"and"晓得",have anti-anticipation meanings and strong subjective unexpected moods.Based on the research of our predecessors,this paper analyzes the anti-anticipation discourse markers of the know category in terms of their distribution,semantic and pragmatic expressions,and examines and analyzes their formation and development processes,grammaticalization motives and mechanisms with reference to grammaticalization and subjectivization theories.This paper is divided into six parts.The first chapter is the introduction,which mainly elaborates on the current research status of the selected topic,the purpose and significance of the selected topic,the research object,as well as the theoretical methods and corpus sources used in the writing process.The second chapter first determines the criteria for defining the knowing class of anti-anticipation discourse markers,and selects the object of this paper,classifying them into four categories: questioning,negation,rhetorical and virtual.Then its syntactic distribution,discourse distribution and corpora distribution are examined from the co-occurrence perspective.The third chapter examines the knowing class of anti-anticipation discourse markers from the semantic perspective.Firstly,the semantic background of the knowing category is examined and analyzed more comprehensively according to its common and individual characteristics;secondly,the explicit markers,semi-explicit markers and zero-shaped markers in spoken and written contexts that can help us identify their subjective semantics are sorted out and summarized into a semantic recognition system;finally,the emotional semantic types of the knowing category are analyzed and considered to be divided into three categories: negative,positive and neutral.Chapter 4 analyzes the discourse articulation function,interpersonal interaction function and subjective expression function of the anti-anticipation discourse markers of the knowing class from a pragmatic perspective.The discourse articulation function includes the coherence of form and content;the interpersonal interaction function mainly includes the anti-expectation function,the evaluation stance function and the awareness stance function;the subjective expression function is expressed in the type of subjectivity and the size of subjectivity.Chapter 5 examines the development process of knowing anti-anticipation discourse markers from the chronological level,in which the questioning form is developed from the questioning pronoun to develop the anti-anticipation meaning,the interrogative form is developed from the interrogative meaning of the interrogative itself to develop the anti-anticipation meaning,and the rhetorical form is the development of a counter-expected meaning from the rhetorical meaning of the rhetorical word itself.The negative form is the development of the anticipatory sense from the negative meaning of the negative adverb"殊".All the above three can be regarded as a way of development,i.e.strong negation→anti-anticipation,because the rhetorical question itself is also a form of negation.The special"早知道"is developed from the hypothetical virtual meaning of the adjective"早"itself,which is often found in the real sentence and associated with the context of regret,so it gradually fades into a discourse marker with anti-anticipation meaning.This chapter further analyzes the motives and mechanisms of grammaticalization of the knowing class,including structural reanalysis,discourse inference,contextual absorption,and subjectivity and subjectivation of language.Chapter 6 concludes the whole paper and identifies the gaps in the study. |
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