Study On The Phonology Of Siddham Sanshu

Siddham Sanshu are Siddham Zi Ji,Siddham Chapter of Nirvana Sutra and Jingyou Tianzhu Zi Yuan.The three books recorded Sanskrit in Chinese and spanned the Tang and Song dynasties,containing a large number of letters of Siddham,rich in corpus and of precious academic value.With the help of calculators,synchronic description and diachronic analysis,the three books are digitized,and the phonetic materials are extracted to study the phonology.The main achievements are as follows:Digitization :(1)Using computer programming technology,the digitized text of three books is realized for the first time.(2)Based on the Unicode standard,explore the attributes of brahman characters in Jingyou Tianzhu Zi Yuan: It is the early Devanagari which is closer to Siddham style.(3)Collated and counted the phonetic pairs of three books: there were 299 Sanskrits in Siddham Zi Ji,and the number of effective phonetic pairs is 258;There are 2821 pairs of Chinese characters in Siddham Chapter of Nirvana Sutra,and the number of effective pairs is 249.There are 6227 Sanskrits in Jingyou Tianzhu Zi Yuan,and the number of effective pairs is 408.Phonological research:(1)Phonological characteristics of Siddham Zi Ji: The differentiation of labial is not high;The lingual is differentiated,but in a low mixing rate;Full voiced initials are not aspirated,which translates aspirated and unaspirated turbid consonants in Sanskrit;The actual phonetic value of the initial of groups of Zhang is close to that of the lingual leaf;The Shang-sheng is a high tone and the Ping-sheng is a long tone.(2)The phonological characteristics of Siddham Chapter of Nirvana Sutra: Full voiced initials are not aspirated;Labial differentiation was most obvious in Fei and Feng.The lingual sounds are differentiated,but in a low degree;Groups of Xia tends to be voiceless gradually.(3)Phonological characteristics of Jingyou Tianzhu Zi Yuan: Full voiced initials are aspirated;Nasal consonant with stopper;Labial was differentiated;Tongue position was moved backward in the groups of Jing;The final endings of many Ru-sheng-yun have come off;The Ru-sheng is a high tone,Ping-sheng is a long tone.(4)A comparative study of the phonology of Siddham Sanshu.Initials: The voiced initials is unaspirated in the MiddleTang dynasty,and aspirated in the early Song dynasty;The groups of Zhang is closest to the lingual leaf sound in the Middle-Tang dynasty,and the groups of Jing is closest to the lingual leaf sound in the Early Song.The degree of labial differentiation is low in the Middle-Tang dynasty and high in the Early Song Dynasty.In the Middle-Tang dynasty,there was no stop in nasal consonant,and there was a stop in nasal crown in the Early Song Dynasty.In terms of finals,the main vowels of Zhi is i,and the main vowels of Yu is u in the Middle-Tang Dynasty;In the Early Song Dynasty,the main vowels of Zhi is ?,and the main vowels of Yu are u and o.In the Early Song Dynasty,the final endings of Ru-sheng-yun of [-t] and [-k]fell off seriously,and have become glottal stop [-?].Tone:Shang-sheng is a high tone and Ping-sheng is a long tone in the Tang dynasty.In the early Song dynasty,the Ru-sheng is a high tone and the Qu-sheng is a long tone.On the basis of digitization of the three books,the method of phonology research is in line with the development direction of digital humanities,and it also breaks through the paradigms of Sanskrit and Chinese antiphonal sounds at one time and one place,it is an important supplement to the study of ancient Chinese pronunciation.