Investigation And Research On The Qucun Troglodyte Settlemen

The underground quadrangle courtyard is a kind of cave dwelling building in Chinese Loess Plateau,especially the Loess Tableland area,which is dug vertically to a certain depth and uses the artificial cliff surface generated by the excavation to build underground cave dwellings.Qu Village,located in Zhangbianyuan,Sanmenxia City,Henan Province,is a typical underground quadrangle courtyard settlement,and there are still 118 underground quadrangle buildings in different states of use.From the perspective of settlement archaeology,the Qu Village underground quadrangle courtyard systematic surveys can enrich the physical data on the settlement structure and usage changes of underground quadrangle courtyards,and can also accumulate analogical ethnography for cave archaeological research.In terms of architectural morphological features,according to whether the number of cave dwellings built on adjacent walls is equal,the location of the entrance kiln,and the plane shape of the entrance kiln are three classification criteria from large to small,the underground quadrangle courtyard in Qu Village can be divided into 12 holes and non-12-hole cave-dwelling.These two types of underground quadrangle courtyards are based on the plane shape of the patio yard,the choice of the shape of the entrance kiln and the position of the building,the relative height of the four sides of the Horse blocking wall,the construction depth of the cave dwelling and the construction of side kilns has different characteristics in several aspects.In terms of the use of underground quadrangle dwellings,they mainly have two spatial distribution modes:familial living and group living.In the process of use,changes in user groups and users’ willingness to use will cause changes in the position of functional areas,changes in functions of functional areas,and disappearance of certain functions in the functional structure of the underground quadrangle courtyard.The construction of the ground buildings makes the pit-ground combined building have two function distribution modes:the pit courtyard and the ground building as the activity center.In these two modes,the status and functions of the underground quadrangle dwelling in the ground-underground combined courtyard are different.From the point of view of the macroscopic settlement form,Qu Village is divided into three areas:north,middle,and south.Combining the similarities and differences in the architectural form and functional structures of the underground quadrangle courtyards in the three areas,in the settlement development of Qu Village,underground quadrangle courtyards are still an important architectural form in Qu Village,but the basic building units of the settlement have gradually changed from pit yards to ground-underground compound courtyards,and the original functional divisions inside the settlement tend to be reduced and transformed into each other.Judging from the abandoned underground quadrangle courtyards in Qu village,during the process of abandonment,collapse and accumulation,the characteristics of the remains,the location and scope of the collapse,and the accumulations in the yards are all different at different stages.From the comparative analysis of the archaeological and ethnographic features of the abandoned underground quadrangle courtyard in Qu Village and related archaeological materials,it can be confirmed that there are relatively obvious archaeological remains of underground patio-style cave dwellings in the Taosi site in Xiangfen and the Dongxiafeng site.Among them,F321 and F324 in the Taosi site in Xiangfen may be actively abandoned,and H3402 on the top of F324 may be a rubbish pit formed by the secondary abandonment of this group of buildings;There is a group of architectural relics of underground street-style underground quadrangle courtyards,and three groups of possible locations and ranges of underground quadrangle courtyards are found.