A Study On The Phonetic Variation And Evolution Of The Manchu Chinese Dialect Island In Beichen

Beicheng Manchu Chinese Dialect Island is a Beijing Mandarin dialect island in Qingzhou,Shandong Province,where the intra-island dialect is Beicheng dialect,and the off-island dialect is Qingzhou dialect.This paper takes Beicheng Manchu Chinese Dialect Island as an investigation point to study the historical changes of Beicheng dialect system under the influence of Qingzhou dialect and Mandarin dialect from a synchronic perspective,and to analyze the factors governing the phonological variation and evolution of Beicheng dialect.The study of this dialectal point is useful for us to observe the characteristics and patterns of contact between dialects with small typological differences,as well as to provide more detailed and objective research materials for future studies of Beicheng dialects.The article firstly adopts a research method combining traditional dialectology and experimental phonetics to investigate the phonological systems of Beicheng,Qingzhou,and Mandarin,and to compare the differences in vowels,rhymes and tones of the three dialects.Secondly,based on the results of the phonological system comparison of the three dialects,we redrafted the survey word list and conducted a survey on the variation of Beicheng dialect for three age groups: old,middle and young,on the basis of which we summarized the trends,types and ways of the phonological evolution of Beicheng dialect.Finally,we analyze the internal and external factors governing the variation and evolution of Beicheng dialects.In analyzing the external constraints,this paper uses sociolinguistic research methods to conduct a questionnaire survey on the phonetic variation of Beicheng dialect,and uses spss26.0 data analysis software to conduct statistics and tests on the survey results.It was found that Beicheng dialect has undergone phonetic variation and evolution in the process of contact with Qingzhou dialect and Mandarin.The phonological variation of Beicheng dialect appears in the items where the three dialects have differences in phonology,but not all the items where differences exist have variation;the variation varies among speakers.In terms of the evolutionary trend,the tone value of Beicheng dialect and the pronunciation of many words that differ from the Mandarin phonetic category(or tonal category)all converge to Mandarin.The Ni(泥)Rhyme Group words,the compound vowel rhyme words,and the front nasal rhyme end rhyme words all converge to Qingzhou dialect.Specificly,the Ni(泥)Rhyme Group words evolved from [n] to [(?)],the vowels of the compound vowel rhyme words [ai] and [au]evolved to the unitary [ε] and [(?)],and the front-nasal rhymes’ s words evolved to nasalized vowels.From the evolution of Beicheng dialect’s literal and colloquial readings,Beicheng dialect mainly produces colloquial readings under the influence of Qingzhou dialect,and produces literal readings and colloquial readings under the influence of Mandarin,and with the further promotion of Mandarin,Beicheng dialect’s phonological system has a tendency to evolve toward Mandarin.In terms of evolution,the phonological evolution of Beicheng dialects have been carried out in the form of lexical diffusion.Classification of the types of phonological changes in Beicheng dialect from the results of the evolution,Beicheng dialect phonological variation can be divided into three types: phonological class transfer,phonological class merging,and the emergence of new phonemic variants.The variation and evolution of Beicheng dialect phonology are not only governed by internal factors such as individual markedness and the economy principle,but also by external factors such as gender,occupation,frequency of dialect use,and language attitudes of speakers.