| Through Husserl’s discussion of the crisis of modernity in Die Krisis der europ?ischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Ph?nomenologie,this thesis aims to draw out that the key of the crisis of modernity lies in the crisis of the subject’s questioning of its own meaning,that is,the crisis of existence.From the perspective of existential crisis,this thesis does not confine existentialism to the concept of nihilism but understands the problem of human existence as an ancient philosophical tradition since ancient Greece,so as to try to respond to the existential crisis of modernity in a broader historical perspective.From the perspective of genealogy and epistemology,this thesis divides existentialism into three different forms,namely transcendental existence,rational existence and uncertain existence,and attempts to further explore different aesthetic representations under different forms of existence.Transcendental existence refers to the form of human being in Ancient Greece and Christianity,which is closely connected with the transcendental other.The aesthetic representation of this period also presents the characteristics of contemplation and purity.But with the rise of nominalism in the late Middle Ages,existence turned from the collective to the individual,and people realized that the responsibility to God was not anonymous,but that each subject was directly responsible to the divine,which was the beginning of rational existence.The discussion of rational existence is mainly focused on the Renaissance and Enlightenment subject.In the Renaissance,this thesis mainly discusses the existence picture of the subject in the similar universe,that is,the juxtosition of transcendental and rational existence.In the Enlightenment,rational existence further demonstrated its power,which can be seen in Kant and Hegel’s discussion of subject and object.For the former,the discussion of the thing in itself limits reason to a certain extent while drawing a limit between reason and the transcendent,while the latter further liberates it.Hegel concluded the transcendent in reason,and believed that any existence is an unfolding process,which can be understood as the beginning of historical philosophy to some extent.The transcendent meaning and the fragments of experience will be integrated in the universal rational spirit,and complete the task of self-realization,which is the arrogant necessity of rational existence.After describing the prehistory of existence,this thesis focuses more on the collapse of rational existence and the new turn of existence under the post-modern crisis.This thesis focuses on the existence of the subject under the postmodern crisis.The disappearance of the sense of rational belief makes many postmodern literary theorists and writers describe the contingency of self-existence and pessimism about the future in their works.After pointing out that the crisis of modernity comes from the rupture of rational existence,this thesis tries to propose a new possibility to make up for the loss of rational existence,that is,the new possibility of existence in the post-modern context,that is.uncertain existence.This thesis mainly introduces the concept of "the other" to explore the subject image in uncertain existence,and clearly distinguishes it from the other in rational existence.In order to construct the subject of accidental existence more clearly,this thesis further discusses the manifestation and heterogeneity of the other.Manifestation means that the other emerges from the cover of the rational subject in a concrete body,while heterogeneity means that the other meets the subject in an uncertain way that is not constrained by the subject.This image of the other provides a new possibility for post-modern construction of the subject of contingent existence.However,the heterogeneity of the other has a certain limit in practice.that is,the subject’s hospitality to the other is ethically feasible,but in practice,due to cultural,regional,political and other problems,often cannot fully respect and accept the other.Furthermore,in the post-modern existence of the other and the subject,the accidental existence does not fall into complete nothingness,but has a serious ethical orientation.This thesis introduces the views of literary scholars such as Derrida,who believe that the subject and the other constitute the "as if" type world under the post-modern background.Despite the collapse of rational existence and linear historical concept,but one can still conceive of a universal living world and look forward to its possible arrival.This thesis also discusses the special aesthetic form under the background of accidental existence,which is different from the transcendental aesthetic of contemplation or the philosophical aesthetic of reason.The apophatic aesthetics in the crisis of modernity is the focus of this thesis.After distinguishing apophatic aesthetic from "negative" in critical aesthetic and natural aesthetic,this thesis further points out the debt of apophatic aesthetic to apophatic theology and deconstruction.With its thorough negation,apophatic aesthetic surpasses the affirmative purport in apophatic theology.It makes the subject and the aesthetic object meet in an uncentered structure,rejects any deterministic speech,and opens a new living space and sensory experience with absolute silence.After a theoretical study of contingent existence in the modern/post-modern context,this thesis further extends the depth and breadth of the existence problem.Firstly,in practice,the existence of the other is limited,that is,the other is still limited in a "mirroring in the mirror"dilemma in cultural practice.There is no way for uncertain existence to be infinitely open and absolute in practice as it is in ethics.Only through the specificity of the other,the language of the other and the experience of the scene,can we save the narrative of the other.Secondly,this thesis also expands the breadth of existence.The uncertain existence of the self and the other does not push the other to the extreme,that is,the other still has the ethical violence belonging to rational existence--the other can only be human,not animal.The possibility of animal as the other has certain significance for the discussion of posthumanism,Cyborg,artificial intelligence and other issues.At the same time,it can also better push the existence problem of modernity to an extreme,that is,the dynamic existence of unpromised and eternal otherness.After discussing the three states of existentialism and taking practical consideration in ethics and practice,this thesis reviews the clues of the text again and summarizes the historical evolution and logical relationship between the three different forms of existences.This thesis also tries to point out that although uncertain existence does not have the universal purpose of rational spirit,it constructs the new possibility and expectation of the existence of postmodern subject both in ideology and aesthetics.In the eternal interaction between subject and self,self and others move towards a new situation of multi-dynamic existence,which is of great significance both in ethics and practice. |
