Resources, Technology And Societ

Restricted by the arid climate,water resources in Turpan has unique significance and value.Although Turpan is not rich in water resources,it has good hydraulic conditions due to the terrain fluctuation.Therefore,watermills and other hydraulic machines can be widely used in Turpan.As a hydraulic machine,the watermill not only makes full use of the natural resources of Turpan but also produces complex social and economic relations.Current research on the history of the Chinese water conservancy society has formed a good foundation,which provides a necessary research perspective and method for the study in arid areas.Using recently released republican archives of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Archive and other historical documents,this paper discusses the water conservancy order centered on the operation of the watermill and the economic order centered on the trade of watermill.This study in an attempt to restore the complex historical picture formed during the interaction of resources,technology,and society in the historical period and further thinking about the local society in Turpan operation mode.Chapter one restores the distribution and application of Turpan watermills in the Republic of China based on the information in the historical materials.This paper uses Sketch Up to draw the watermill restoration map in the Republic of China period.Arc GIS software is also used to draw the distribution diagram of the watermill,which is convenient to better discuss the selection relationship between watermill and natural environment elements.Chapter two discusses the operation of the Turpan watermill and the order of water conservancy in the Republic of China.The watermill case that took place in Turpan during the republican is about the issue of commons except related to resource shortage and misallocation.To solve the allocation problem of Commons and realize the rational use of water resources Turpan generated the local water conservancy order based on the customary law,which implied the logic of cooperation.These orders include priority in the allocation of commons and the division of space order.These rules are not only widely accepted by the local people,but also recognized by the government.It became an important reference for the government to deal with water conservancy cases.The interaction and cooperation between the local government and the government promoted the formation of a water conservancy order.Chapter three discusses the economic order of Turpan and watermill in the Republic of China.This part mainly from the watermill related trading activities and joint-stock operation mode of the watermill,discusses the watermill property rights and related economic relations.Watermill property right undertakes to divide with the unit of time.The exchange and circulation of watermill shares promoted the connection of watermill with capital and the broader market,which reflected the development degree of the local social economy in Turpan.The conclusion is based on the analysis of the above chapters.This paper discusses the problems of "custom" and "customary law" in civil disputes in modern regional society,"capital" and "market" in the context of economic transformation in modern frontier areas,and the resources,technology,and society in arid areas.In dealing with the grassroots social litigation cases in Turpan,"custom" and "customary law" are everywhere and have become a useful supplement to the national law.In the specific implementation process,"customary law" has a certain flexibility,with different ways of elaboration.But they remain in the state of "informal institutions" and fail to gain the force of law.During the Republic of China,both modern and traditional financial systems existed in Turpan local society.The water-mill credit is the private credit mode in the process of social finance transformation since modern times.The discussion on the social and historical development of Turpan during the Republic of China included the natural resources and the social situation.This study hopes to provide some new perspectives and ideas for understanding the historical development process of traditional China.