Research On Qing Dynasty Villages Along The Xinjiang Section Of The Silk Roa

Village is the abbreviation of rural settlement and the main form of human settlement in historical period.China is a traditional agricultural country,where most people live and grow.The formation and evolution of rural settlements can reflect the process of historical development to a certain extent.Xinjiang is located in the hinterland of the Eurasian continent.It is an important transportation hub on the ancient land silk road.The rise and fall of the silk road has a profound impact on the development of villages along the line.The remains of villages along the line reflect the social life and spiritual outlook of human beings in different periods.It is of great significance to strengthen the systematic arrangement of the remains of villages along the line for enriching the study of the silk road.Qing Dynasty is the decline era of silk road.The rise and fall of the villages along Xinjiang section of the silk road can reflect the evolution law and influencing factors of the villages along the decline era.Based on historical documents,local records,ancient and old maps,this paper systematically collates the village information in the western region atlas and Xinjiang atlas in the late Qing Dynasty.The number of villages along the line is preliminarily counted according to the sequence of new North Road,North Road and South Road of Silk Road,and the two time periods are analyzed by using map data and spatial information technology of Qing Dynasty The spatial distribution of villages in the period of’ restoration,based on the restoration results,analyzes the process of the rise and fall of villages along the line,and combs the typical ethnic villages along the line.Finally,it discusses the rise and fall of villages along the line and the influencing factors of landscape formation.The early Qing Dynasty was the development period of villages along the line.At this time,the north and south of Tianshan Mountain were unified,and the political situation was stable.The Qing government implemented various policies to "rule by customs" in all areas along the line,and the villages along the line were initially developed.But at this time,the Qing government foused on the northern Xinjiang.Due to the development of large-scale immigration and reclamation along xinbcidao,the number of villages increased rapidly;and the villages were mainly distributed around bingtun.The growth of villages along Beidao and Nandao is relatively slow,mainly natural growth.The middle Qing Dynasty was the decline period of villages along the line.During the Tongzhi period,the chaos in Xinjiang caused a devastating blow to the development of villages along the line,The population of the areas along the line decreased sharply and a large number of villages were destroyed.The late Qing Dynasty was the recovery period of villages along the line.After the Qing government regained Xinjiang,it implemented a series of measures,such as establishing provinces and counties,attracting immigrants,building water conservancy,reforming taxes and so on.The development of villages along the line ushered in a new stage.However,at this time,due to the serious war damage,the number of immigrants decreased,the recovery of villages along the line was relatively slow,and the restraint of Beidao and Nandao areas was abolished The production enthusiasm of the ur farmers has been greatly improved,the population has increased rapidly,and the villages along the line have been restored and reconstructed rapidly.Uygur,Han and Kazak are typical ethnic groups along the Xinjiang section of the silk road.Their village landscapes have different characteristics,mainly in the selection and layout of villages,building types and characteristics,production and life.The factors influencing the rise and fall of villages and landscape formation in historical periods are comprehensive,and the focus of influencing factors in different regions in different periods is also different.For the Qing Dynasty villages along the Xinjiang section of the Silk Road,due to the poor ecological environment,natural environmental factors,especially water resources,are the fundamental factors affecting the rise and fall of villages;political and military factors are the key factors affecting the villages along the line If the political situation is stable and the policy is appropriate,the villages along the line will grow rapidly.On the contrary,if the political situation is turbulent and the war is frequent,the villages will wither.Traffic environment,commerce and trade,religious and cultural factors affect the number,spatial distribution and settlement landscape of villages along the line to varying degrees,and then affect the development of villages along the line.