Study On Intestinal Microbial Diversity Of Five Crane Species Under Captive Condition

The gut microbiota are closely related to the nutrition,immunity and metabolism of the host,and play an important role in maintaining the normal physiological activities of animals.There are many factors affecting the composition and diversity of animal intestinal microbial community,mainly including diet,environment and season.Cranes are important protected animals in China.They are sensitive to changes in the ecological environment and are good environmental indicator species.In recent years,with the impact of human activities such as environmental pollution,wetland destruction and habitat fragmentation,the populations of cranes has decreased sharply.It is urgent for people to carry out tracking research and take protection measures.In this study,we used noninvasive sampling,high-throughput sequencing technology and biological information analysis to study the gut microbiota of Grus japonensis,Grus grus,Grus virgo,Grus vipio,Balearica regulorum in winter and summer in Jinan wildlife world,to explore the differences of gut microbiota structure and diversity of five cranes,and to compare and analyse the changes of gut microbiota in different seasons,and analyse of the reasons for the differences.The main results are as follows:1.In winter,the overall composition of gut microbiota of five crane species includes 23 phyla,222 families and 461 genera.The abundance of gut microbiota of different cranes shows a certain degree of difference at each classification level.Among the five crane species,the proportion of common OTUs was 4.6%,and the proportion of common families and genera were 56.52%,53.15% and 40.78% respectively.At the phylum level,the dominant phyla of crane gut microbiota are Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria.At the family level,the dominant bacteriaceae are Lactobacillaceae,Moraxellaceae,Enterobacteriaceae,Streptococcaceae,Pseudomonadaceae and Enterococcaceae.At the genus level,Lactobacillus,Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas are several flora with high abundance.There were significant differences in species composition and community structure of gut microbiota of five crane species in winter(Anoism: R = 0.35,P = 0.011).LEf Se analysis showed that there was a statistically different biomaker between the gut microbiota of Grus grus and Balearica regulorum,indicating that there was a significant difference in the gut microbiota composition of the two cranes in winter.2.In summer,the overall composition of five crane gut microbiota includes 18 phyla,209 families and 420 genera.There are significant differences in the diversity,richness and uniformity of gut microbiota in different cranes.The proportion of OTUs shared by the five crane species was 2.25%,and the proportion of common families and genera were 66.67%,37.50% and 27.38% respectively.At the phylum level,the dominant phyla of crane gut microbiota are Firmicutes,Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria.At the family level,the dominant bacteriaceae are Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.At the genus level,Lactobacillus,streptophyta,Lactococcus and Escherichia are several flora with high abundance.There were significant differences in species composition and community structure of gut microbiota of five crane species in summer(Anoism: R = 0.89,P = 0.001).LEf Se analysis showed that there were different numbers of statistically different biomakers among the gut microbiota of the five cranes,indicating that there were significant differences in the gut microbiota composition of the five cranes in summer.3.Through high-throughput sequencing of the mixed samples of five crane faeces in summer and winter,a total of 24 phyla,228 families and 484 genera were identified.The proportion of phyla and genera in the two seasons was 72.00%,89.04% and 82.02%respectively.The bacteria in the top three are Firmicutes,Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria.The bacteria in the top three are Lactobacillaceae,Moraxellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.The bacteria in the top three are Lactobacillus,Acinetobacter and Streptococcus.The difference between the intestinal microbiome of cranes in summer group and winter group was greater than that in the group,and was extremely significant(Anoism: R = 0.2873,P = 0.001).