| Discourse ability is one of the basic abilities of human beings,and the mystery of human language is hidden in the core of language,that is children’s language.Based on the daily discourse tracking corpus of Chinese five-year-old children,this study uses the syntax of Chinese topic-comment Structure,and combines the qualitative analysis of discourse structure function with the four-stage quantitative study of discourse structure sentence types to statistically analyze the discourse structure types of five-year-old children and explore the development track of their discourse ability.The research steps of this topic are as follows: 1.Label the "Chinese children’s(5-year-old)daily discourse tracking corpus",which is about 620,000 words,including 349,600 words of pure children’s corpus.After tagging the children’s corpus,a "Chinese children’s(5-year-old)daily discourse tagging corpus" of about 972,500 words was formed.2.Mark the example sentences that are in doubt in the labeling process.3.Extract 43,515 sentences of children’s spoken sentences from the tagging corpus,and establish the tagging corpus of spoken sentences,subject-predicate sentences,other structural sentences and monolingual structural sentences respectively.4.Qualitative-quantitative analysis of the frequency of occurrence,distribution and increasing rate(three rates)is carried out in four stages(the first stage is 49 months to 51 months,the second stage is 52 months to 54 months,the third stage is 55 months to 57 months,and the fourth stage is 58 months to 60 months),so as to extract the development law of five-year-old children’s discourse structure ability.The research results of this topic are as follows: 43,515 sentences of children’s discourse structure are extracted from the 349,600-word pure children’s corpus,including 10,062 sentences of topic-comment structure,7,780 sentences of subjectpredicate structure,6,714 sentences of other structures and 18,959 sentences of independent structure.In terms of topic-comment structure,the sentences with the highest occurrence rate in each stage are broken sentences,state sentences,time sentences and nature sentences,with the occurrence rate ranging from 10.26% to25.91%.The distribution rate of the four stages is quite different,and the distribution rate of most sentences is the highest in the first stage.The number of sentences that children make conceptual judgments on things decreases,while the number of sentences that make subjective judgments on things increases,which is in line with the cognitive development law of early children.In the aspect of subject-predicate structure sentences,the occurrence rate of action sentences in each stage is absolutely dominant,but the distribution rate gradually decreases,with a decrease of 5.77%.The distribution rate of the other four kinds of subject-predicate sentences gradually increased between 0.17% and 2.73%,indicating that although five-year-old children still pay attention to action,the subject-predicate sentences are becoming more and more complex and diverse.In other structural sentences,the incidence of imperative sentences in imperative sentences and imperative questions has decreased,while the number of imperative sentences and pleaded sentences has increased by 5.74% and31.33% respectively.It can be seen that five-year-old children tend to use more straightforward and tough imperative sentences to communicate in daily conversation.The expressions of rhetorical sentences are diverse and comprehensive,which shows that children’s discourse ability and sociality are further developed.The overall number of greeting sentences is low,and the category of suffering from cold has increased;Restricted by cognitive level,the whole number of exclamatory sentences is the least.There are a large number of interrogative sentences.The occurrence rate and distribution rate of topic-comment structure + question mark interrogative sentences and subject-predicate sentence + question mark interrogative sentences are relatively average in four stages.The occurrence rate of topic-comment structure +question mark interrogative sentences is between 50.09% and 57.52%,and the occurrence rate of subject-predicate sentence + question mark interrogative sentences is between 32.67% and 37.20%.The distribution rate of the two stages is between19.66% and 30.00%.The overall occurrence rate of suspected structures is: why(43.90%)> who(16.72%)> how(13.94%)> where(12.54%)> what(11.85%)>when(1.05%),which proves that five-year-old children have the ability to observe and summarize.The occurrence rate and distribution rate of the four stages all showed a downward trend,and the increasing rate rose slowly,but the occurrence rate was not as good as that of the first stage.Children are more and more able to turn their personal opinions into sentences or subject-predicate sentences for questioning,so the incidence of suspected structures decreases.The above statistics show that children have strong discourse ability at the beginning of five years old and continue to develop in the later stages.The functional categories of topic and comment have been expanded,and the Shi Ren sentence only appeared for the first time in the fourth stage.Five-year-old children are more inclined to use the more direct words of the imperative sentence to exercise the imperative effect,so as to achieve the purpose of ordering or asking others;Children have the strongest self-awareness at the beginning of five years old,and tend to express orders,requests or inquiries centered on "I";At the beginning of five years old,children have mastered all eight independent structure sentences.This topic makes a further study on the independent structure sentence "O",imperative sentence "Lai" and "Gei" sentences of five-year-old children.Firstly,the independent structure sentence "O" of five-year-old children has 12 expressive functions such as understanding,responding,affirming,promising,permitting,awakening,surprise,sighing,asking,wondering,perfunctory and reminding,and four pragmatic functions such as repairing,maintaining turn,advancing turn and ending the topic.Among the gesture functions,the four gesture functions,namely,understanding,awakening,responding and promising,have a high frequency of use,which is determined by the output of adults and the immature cognitive ability of children.Secondly,in the sentence structure of five-year-old children,the imperative sentence "Lai" coexists with seven sentence types,such as the causative sentence,the imperative sentence and the patient sentence,and exercises four kinds of speech performance,such as reminding,commanding,proposing and encouraging,and exerts three functions,such as topic foregrounding,topic switching and turn continuation,thus continuing turn in conversation,euphemistically and naturally switching topics,connecting texts,and even guiding listeners to express their expectations.Thirdly,five-year-old children have learned all the basic sentence patterns and simple extended sentence patterns of "Gei" sentences,and 73 extended sentence patterns of "Gei" sentences have been learned.Five-year-old children use "Gei" to generate 4kinds of subject-predicate structural sentences,46 kinds of verbal structural sentences,2 kinds of imperative sentences and 2 kinds of imperative sentences,totaling 54 kinds.With the growth of cognitive ability and discourse ability,children will also use a large number of sentence types such as imperative sentences and interrogative sentences to achieve the desired discourse performance by pragmatic strategies such as circuitous relaxation or straightforward command.The results of this study can reflect the discourse structure types and development characteristics of Chinese five-year-old children to some extent,and provide ideas and support for the study of children’s cognitive ability,behavioral ability,psychological activities and communication activities. |
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