Study On The Change Of Disaster Relief And Miscellaneous Fees In North China

Affected by climate,topography,hydrology,geology and other natural factors,North China has been a place of frequent disasters since ancient times.In the late Qing Dynasty,the scope of disasters is wide,a variety of disasters or concurrent,or successively,lasting for a long time,natural and man-made disasters interwoven,become the characteristics of north China disasters in the late Qing Dynasty.After the Gengzi,on the one hand,the Yellow River burst,the Gengzi drought and other natural disasters,the secret social movements,the local civil changes,the bandits,the government repression,and the foreign wars,the man-made disasters,to promote the social changes in the late Qing Dynasty.Not all of the funds raised by the relief donations were used for disaster relief,and some relief donations were used in other fields.For example,part of the relief donations in Shandong were used to repay the bonus funds,and part of the relief donations were allocated to the new army.In addition,the evolution of the fund to the fund will be delayed,at the end of the time limit,or after the end,the period of time.However,years of relief donations had made the people tired,and were gradually replaced by the folk relief,and became history together with the collapse of the Qing Dynasty.With the decline of relief donations and frequent disasters,miscellaneous fees(杂捐,zajuan)are more and more favored by local governments,especially in the rapid expansion of north China.In addition to continuing to provide financial support for railway,schools,patrol police,hospitals and other new policy undertakings,miscellaneous fees have also become an important source of funds for the provinces in North China in the form of supplementary donations and special donations.Some miscellaneous fees have also provided funding for local governments to start new companies.In North China,Shanxi has the largest number of miscellaneous fees,and the people donated and more violence,which reflects the poverty of Shanxi society:the government can not through commercial,customs,gold and other normal means to raise enough money,had to collect more miscellaneous fees;the people are extremely poor,the government donated too much to aggravate the people,many areas broke out different anti-donation movement,the people defend their rights by violence.In contrast,there were many anti-donation movements and different fighting methods.In eastern Shandong,the fighting means were relatively peaceful;[]there were few simple anti-donation movements in Shandong,and mostly combined with the folk secret society,in the form of bandits and folk religion.Due to the corruption in the late Qing Dynasty,the officials and gentry often took advantage of the opportunity of collecting miscellaneous fees to enrich their own pockets.Therefore,when the government tried to cut donations,they would not give up their financial resources,but even interfere when the government made donations.As an important local tax,miscellaneous fees provided the necessary financial support for the local government,but for the Qing government,it was not under the control of the central government,but it could be greatly accepted by the people,so it ordered the reduction for many times.However,for local governments,it is difficult to do everything but miscellaneous fees to ensure the normal operation of government agencies.As a result,despite the continuing social problems of by donations,both the central and local governments are unable to cut them.