A Study On The Phenomenon Of "Heteroglossic" In Chinese Poems In Qing Dynasty

The term "heteroglossic" refers to non-Chinese languages that have found their way into Chinese texts,mainly through transliteration into Chinese characters.The use of foreign languages has a long and rich history in Chinese literature,and is mainly found in the historical biographies of countries and peoples outside the sphere of domination;in the character books in which Chinese characters were used to mark the phonetics of other national languages for the purpose of exchange and learning;and in the translations of Buddhist scriptures,in which a large number of Sanskrit words were written phonetically in Chinese characters.In literary texts,the use of different languages can be traced back as far as the "Song of the Yue People" recorded in Liu Xiang’s "Shuo Yuan" and the "Song of the Zuoduyi" in the "Dong Guan Han Ji",both of which were originally written in Chinese characters.The larger literary genre that uses a different language is that of the border poem,where the poet naturally quotes the names of people,places and customs from the borderlands into the poem,often in a different language.In the Qing dynasty,with the vast territory and the change of position of the barbarians and the Xia,the Manchurian rulers,who did not have a numerical advantage,innovated and developed the concept of ’tongwen’ and vigorously promoted ’phonetic writing’ in order to effectively rule over the different linguistic and multicultural communities within their borders.-that is,the phonetic translation of different languages and scripts.As the imperial examination system developed and flourished,the academic and literary centres of gravity continued to diverge and shift downwards,and the ’stratification’ and ’hybridity’ of the literati expanded,with the hybridity of this cultural space reaching its peak in the Qing dynasty.The prevalence of phonetic writing and the complexity and diversity of the Qing poetic community in terms of ethnicity and class contributed to the development and flourishing of the phenomenon of ’heteroglossia’ in Qing poetry.During the Qianlong period,the Qing court used the north-west as a major military force and placed great emphasis on ruling the vast new territory,and the expansion of the territory and the flourishing of north-western history and geography led to a large number of poems using the names of people and places in the north-west,such as Qianlong’s poems on the north-west campaign and Song Yun’s poems on the frontier,but their poetry was highly historical but not highly literary.He Ying,who was an official in Tibet at the same time,made an attempt to use Tibetan to write poetry in a different language and achieved some literary success,which can be called a masterpiece in the integration of different languages into poetry.During the Jia-Dao period,in the context of the prevalence of "Manchu-Chinese Zidishu",the only collection of "Manchu-Chinese " poetry found to date,the "Qing-Chinese Collection of Songs",was written in a mixture of Manchu and Chinese scripts,enriching the appearance of Qing dynasty poetry in different languages.The first Qing people to open their eyes to the world left behind a rich collection of overseas Zhuzhici,which document the change in attitude of the Qing people from curiosity to learning about the world,as well as the change in the language of poetry from the late Qing to modern times.The period between the mid-Qianlong period and the vernacular literary movement lasted approximately one hundred and sixty years,with different types of heteroglossia in Qing poetry at different times for different reasons,and showing certain phased characteristics.Through this analysis,we can summarise the cultural essence of heteroglossia beyond itself: heteroglossia is the same strategy adopted by people belonging to different cultural groups in the Qing dynasty in the process of developing their own culture and accepting other cultures in the field of poetry.In the end,heteroglossia is a kind of cultural intermingling,so the cultural purpose of "heteroglossia" is not "different" but "the same",a microcosm of the widespread tendency of cultural homogenization in Chinese poetry.