| Multidrug resistance(MDR)is recognized by the World Health Organization(WHO)as one of the most serious threats to global health.Existing antibiotics cannot provide a solution,while new antibacterial drugs such as antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)have broad-spectrum killing power and are generally considered to have a lower risk of resistance development,making them an ideal candidate for clinical use.However,reports of resistance to AMPs have emerged,and current research is far from sufficient to explain all observed resistance phenomena.Therefore,it is necessary to further elucidate the mechanism of action of AMPs and their corresponding resistance mechanisms in order to apply them prudently.At present,there is a lack of comprehensive data to achieve this research goal,so the existence of a reliable,userfriendly,and open database website platform is necessary.To obtain all reported antimicrobial peptide resistance genes,we searched "Google Scholar" and "Pub Med" using keywords such as "antimicrobial peptide" and "resistance",and carefully read relevant literature.We selected 184 articles related to AMP resistance from 1287 articles,involving 436 AMP resistance genes,with functional implications for 78 microorganisms and 58 AMPs.Subsequently,we classified these resistance genes according to resistance strategies,including cell membrane surface modification,membrane transport and efflux pumps,peptidases and proteases,regulatory genes,and other categories.We also performed multi-dimensional functional annotation on these genes.Finally,we constructed a database using My SQL and developed the AMP Resistance Genes Website(ARD)(www.amprd.tech),which provides functions such as comparison,retrieval,and dataset downloads.This database includes species,functional,and tolerance perspectives on AMP resistance mechanisms and will be a powerful tool in AMP resistance research. |
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